Learning in experiments: Dynamic interaction of policy variables designed to deter tax evasion

While neoclassical economic theory sheds insight into the way that audit rates and penalty rates interact when individuals decide to declare income for taxation, it predicts far lower levels of compliance than observed levels of compliance. This paper analyses experimental responses to explore a dynamic interaction between audit and penalty rates as individuals learn how to comply with taxation. It compares the responses of subjects in experiments with responses that are predicted when individuals rely on an adaptive learning process (that offers information feedback about decision payoffs). This comparison suggests that learning is an important consideration when explaining differences between predicted and observed levels of tax compliance.     

基于信息反馈的实践教学质量评价体系构建

提出了一种基于信息反馈的实践教学质量评价体系,依据实践教学过程中的各种信息反馈,动态地调整对于实践教学各指标的评价。评价的结果反映了实践教学各个阶段、各个环节的表现,从而提升教师参与实践教学的积极性与有效性,促进实践教学管理水平的提高。     

试论中国避讳学史的历史分期

避讳学是一门研究避讳现象发生发展的一般规律及其应用的边缘学科,历史悠久、文献丰富、成就巨大是我国避讳学研究的最显著特点。伴随一部避讳史,也有一部中国避讳学史。中国避讳学史可分为四个时期:一是避讳史料学时期——先秦至明代,二是避讳学的萌芽期——清代,三是避讳学的形成期——近代,四是避讳学的发展期——现代。     

美国中小学服务学习课程模式的理论与实践

服务学习是美国中小学广泛实施的一种优秀的实践教学课程模式。不同于单纯的社会体验或学科教学,服务学习将课程学习、社会服务和体验反思三者有机地结合起来,不仅加强了学生课堂所学知识与现实世界的关联,同时也极大地丰富了中小学生的社会实践活动。其基本理念、特征、实践模式及实施经验对我国当前基础教育课程改革有着很高的借鉴价值。     

Does surprise enhance infant memory? Assessing the impact of the encoding context on subsequent object recognition

A discrepancy between what was predicted and what is observed has been linked to increased looking times, changes in brain electrical activity, and increased pupil dilation in infants. These processes associated with heightened attention and readiness to learn might enhance the encoding and memory consolidation of the surprising object, as suggested by both the infant and the adult literature. We therefore investigated whether the presence of surprise during the encoding context enhances subsequent encoding and recognition memory processes for the items that violated infants' expectations. Seventeen-month-olds viewed 20 familiar objects, half of which were labeled correctly, while the other half were mislabeled. Subsequently, infants were presented with a silent recognition memory test where the previously labeled objects appeared along with new images. Pupil dilation was measured, with more dilated pupils indicating (1) surprise during those labeling events where the item was mislabeled and (2) successful retrieval processes during the memory test. Infants responded with more pupil dilation to mislabeling compared to correct labeling. Importantly, despite the presence of a surprise response during mislabeling, infants only differentiated between the previously seen and unseen items at the memory test, offering no evidence that surprise had facilitated the encoding of the mislabeled items.     

互联网环境下学术期刊防范学术不端行为技术研究

利用互联网环境，从技术的角度出发，对一稿多投、抄袭行为、剽窃行为以及捏造行为等学术不端行为的检测与防范进行研究，提出了各种操作上可行的方法。实践证明，运用这些方法，可有效地防范有学术不端行为的文章在学术期刊上发表。     

学习迁移的系统理论:PPEE理论模型的建构和意义

学习是人类社会永恒的主题。为了更好地利用过去的经验，增强学习效果，个人和组织进行学习迁移具有重要意义。学习迁移是指将在以往通过学习或解决问题所获得的经验，用于解决之后所遇到的问题。本文力图建立系统的学习迁移理论，研究人、问题、环境的因素对于学习迁移的影响。本文采用理论推导的研究方法，在前人研究的基础上，提出相应的理论模型。本文运用系统的观点，构建了学习迁移的PPEE理论模型，认为人的因素、问题的因素、人和问题的交互作用、以及环境的调节作用，会共同影响学习迁移的效果。本理论主要从五个方面论述学习迁移的机制。首先，将人的因素按照不同层面划分为后端基本能力、中端心理过程、前端知识结构，讨论了其各自对学习迁移效果的直接影响。其次，将问题的因素划分为形象相似性和抽象相似性，并根据这两个维度构建了四种问题间关系类型，并探究了其与学习迁移效果之间的关系。第三，同时考虑人的因素和问题的因素，研究了二者之间的互动对于学习迁移效果的影响。第四，将环境因素划分为时间紧迫性和空间重要性两个维度，探讨了人和环境，以及问题和环境之间的互动对学习迁移效果的影响。第五，基于系统整体的方面，研究人、问题、环境三者之间的互动对学习迁移效果的交互影响。本文还认为，该模型不仅适用于个人，也同样适用于团队、组织、地区、甚至国家和社会等各个层面，影响各个层面主体的学习迁移。本文最后总结了研究的理论和实践贡献，并提出了未来研究课题。本文对丰富学习理论、特别是学习迁移理论，以及推动教育和管理实践的发展进步具有重要的意义。     

Soft Classification Trees

An extension of soft classification trees to multinomial outcomes is presented. Estimates of the method's predictive accuracy, as well as average tree size and tree depths, are systematically compared to those of the conventional Classification and Regression Tree (CART) approach by the means of simulations. A similar comparison is performed on real datasets. Results point to an advantage in favor of the soft tree.     

守望学术良知,爱护学术生态——论学术失范语境下高校社科学报的自律与发展

保持自律,恪守学术道德是学术期刊编辑的职责所在,更是高校社科学报构建良好学术生态系统的关键所在。在当前我国学术生态环境的部分恶化的语境下,面对批评与困境,增强高校社科学报的自律,提高学报编辑的综合素质,实现学术个体、学术群体与社会全体的联动机制,是提高高校社科学报的质量,促进其健康成长,营造和谐学术生态环境的不二选择。     

Social Cognitive Factors,Support, and Engagement: Early Adolescents’ Math Interests as Precursors to Choice of Career

The authors examined the central hypothesis that students’ early perceptions of support and sense of engagement in math classes and math activities strongly influence the broadening or narrowing of their math interest. The focus was on the first wave of qualitative data collected from 5th‐, 7th‐, and 9th‐grade students during the 2007–2008 academic year as part of a longitudinal study. Findings indicate the importance of using group work and extrinsic motivation in middle school math classes to broaden interest; peer classroom behavior was often a detractor of math interest.