关于我国公民政治参与效能的思考

我国公民主要通过政治选举、政治结社、政治接触、政治表达等途径参与政治 ,实现其民主权利 ,因此公民政治参与效能的优劣是衡量国家民主化水平的尺度。本文就我国普通公民通过以上途径参与政治所存在的问题和如何提高政治参与效能进行了一些思考     

Bottom Up and Top Down? Community Development in Post‐Soviet Armenia: The Social Fund Model

The main objective of this article is to discuss the effectiveness of bottom‐up, community‐driven approaches in promoting community participation and building local capacity within the post‐Soviet social, institutional and political context of Armenia. In exploring this issue, the article examines the nature of local participation and social relations in rural communities in Armenia and the impact of the World Bank‐supported Armenia Social Investment Fund (ASIF) project on the existing forms of local social organization. One of the objectives of the ASIF project was to promote the participation of local communities in their own economic and social development. The research finds that the project did not change the existing patterns of local social organization and had no significant impact on the nature of participation in the beneficiary communities. Bottom‐up, capacity‐building interventions that mainly focus on changing patterns of interpersonal social relations may not be effective in fostering sustainable civic institutions without changes in the nature of a country's governance.     

积极老龄化框架下老年社会参与的难点及对策

通过对三种老龄观的比较,揭示了积极老龄化的内涵、特点以及实现该战略所需的前提条件,在此基础上,从目前社会发展状况和老年人自身主观状态两个方面分析了我国在推进积极老龄化战略方面的难点,并在认可发展经济是第一推动力的同时提出了两点解决问题的对策,以期能够将积极老龄化战略付诸于社会实践。     

Measuring the Propensity to Volunteer

As charities are expected to take on more and more of the provision of services to the disadvantaged, they will be calling on volunteers to support that work. The use of volunteers means important cost savings when compared to the use of paid service providers, thus giving one advantage to the voluntary sector when bidding in the mixed economy of welfare. Given the potential for increased use of volunteers, questions of motivation and commitment become very important. Volunteers make up a significant proportion of the human resources used to service social needs, yet previous research has not made it clear why and how volunteers come to give so much of themselves. This research demonstrates that there is an underlying Volunteerism–Activism Attitude which can be measured, and which holds within its four dimensions the key motivations for volunteering. Use of the scale measuring this attitude allows prediction of those people who are most likely (and least likely) to volunteer for charity activity. For charities the scale might provide a useful tool in managing the personnel with whom they are now expected to bid in the quasi-markets of service provision.     

Querulous Citizens: Welfare Knowledge and the Limits to Welfare Reform

Governments face pressures to improve services and (at the same time) to contain taxes and to ensure that their decisions are accountable to increasingly well‐informed and challenging citizens. The dilemma of “squaring the welfare circle” confronts New Labour in a particularly acute form, since the party has set ambitious targets for improvements in the NHS, education and elsewhere, and is also committed to economic prudence and transparency. This article uses new data from a major national survey to investigate knowledge and beliefs in the main policy areas. It shows that most people are generally strikingly well‐informed in some areas and ill‐informed in others. A government which wishes to pursue a progressive direction in redistribution, increasing taxation of the better‐off, or expanding provision for those on low incomes, faces real difficulties because many people hold inaccurate beliefs about policy impact and the policy context in these areas. However, NHS costs are more accurately perceived across the population, and the proposed expansion is likely to create less controversy. Current high‐profile policies appear to follow the contours of public knowledge reasonably accurately, but further policy development will require positive efforts to lead debates and improve public knowledge.     

农民专业合作社成员参与行为、效果及作用机理

农民专业合作社成员参与行为包含了业务参与、资本参与和管理参与三维度,成员的业务和资本参与能使成员获得不错的经济收益,而成员管理参与是维护成员在合作社中合法收益的制度保障。依托路径分析方法,实证分析研究结果支持成员收益程度更加取决于成员的业务和资本参与水平,成员满意程度更加依托于成员的管理参与水平,研究结果也支持了股东成员更加积极进行管理参与。为推进农民专业合作社的规范可持续发展,促进成员增收致富等,需要考虑鼓励成员进行资本、业务和管理三维度的全面参与,限定单个成员最高入股比例,多途径吸引成员进行产品惠顾;鼓励成员参与成员大会、进行重大事项投票等,并正视成员的非经济期望与需求。     

重置交往理性:哈贝马斯人类 解放思想的逻辑主线

围绕现代资本主义社会的形态转变及其所凸显的社会危机,哈贝马斯从经济、政治、文化、人性等层面入手,全面地分析和反思了现代社会的“多重隐忧”,建构了其社会批判理论的基本内涵,奠定了自身理论体系的逻辑起点;而后通过倒置工具理性与交往理性的关系,哈贝马斯将对“工具理性”的批判与对“交往理性”的重置结合起来,提炼了其整个理论体系的逻辑主线;最终则以针对时代困境所设计的“世界公民社会”为其理论体系的逻辑终点,探索了实现人类解放的另一种路径,丰富了马克思主义的人类解放思想.     

参与式民主和中国社会主义民主政治的发展

参与式民主对中国民主政治发展有着重要的意义,在中国有着广阔的成长空间.参与式民主的理念蕴含着社会主义民主的核心价值追求,它的民主发展思路也为中国民主转型提供了一种基本路径选择,这种路径选择突出了基层民主和党内民主作为中国民主政治发展的突破口有着重要的地位.参与式民主也是中国社会民主治理的现实选择.     

政府信息公开报告制度在中国的生成与发展

公布各级行政机关政府信息公开年度报告制度作为我国信息法制建设中的一项制度创新,已经获得了初步实践和展开。通过对2008年度各省部级机关公布的报告文本的实证分析,我们发现有些机关没有认真履行《条例》规定的公布报告职责;主管部门对各级机关有效履行本项职责的指导、监督不够;公众参与不够等问题。主管部门应针对存在的问题,以编制报告指南、提供报告文本模板的方法来指导各级行政机关做好本项工作,并督促具有管理公共事务职能的组织和与人民群众利益密切相关的公共企事业单位也履行公布报告义务,支持社会公益组织对公布报告的组织化参与、系统化监督和全面专业化的评议,以促进这一新型法规制度的落实与持续发展。     

比较与反思:村民社区参与对社区认同影响之实证研究

随着农村城镇化、村民市民化的推进,许多学者开始关注我国农村社区公共空间的萎缩以及由此引发的参与不足和认同缺失问题.这些问题在江苏Y村和贵州L村、G村均呈现出不同特点.受公共空间和利益关联的影响,江苏村民社区参与度大大高于贵州村民.而无论在江苏还是贵州,村民志愿主义参与、私人网络参与和公共事务参与的程度都依次递减,但贵州村民递减的幅度更大.同时,江苏村民的情感认同和行为认同都明显高于贵州村民.不同地域的多元线性回归发现,参与不一定促进认同.在封闭性、同质性强的贵州L村和G村,村民社区参与对社区认同的正向影响十分显著;而在开放性、异质性强的江苏Y村,村民社区参与对社区认同的影响却非常微弱且不均衡.逻辑斯蒂回归发现,村民背景变量中的民族、收入水平是村民社区认同的显著影响因素.