梁启超社会主义思想探析

梁启超在中国社会主义思想发展史上有着十分重要的地位和影响.他不仅有力地推动了社会主义思想在中国的传播,而且还对中国的社会主义发展问题进行了比较深入的思考.梁启超社会主义思想的形成有其深刻的思想根源.尽管由于我国与西方资本主义国家社会发展程度的差异和文化背景不同,梁启超的社会主义思想存在很多认知局限,但他对于中国社会主义...     

A Test of Social Cognitive Theory Reciprocal and Sequential Effects: Hope,Superstitious Belief and Environmental Factors among Lottery Gamblers in Thailand

This study tested social cognitive theory (Bandura, 1986) hypotheses of reciprocal and sequential effects among person, environment variables and behavior. The study examined the impact of hope, superstitious belief and environmental factors on the frequency, amounts of lottery gambling and chasing of particular numbers among Thai lottery gamblers. One hundred and fifty gamblers who visited two temples in Bangkok to search for number clues before buying tickets and 150 gamblers who simply bought lottery tickets from the stalls were recruited for the study. Models were constructed to test the effect of hope, superstitious belief and environmental factors on gambling behavior, and the reciprocal effect of gambling behavior on hope, superstitious belief and environmental factors. Results confirmed the theoretical reciprocal effects. A sequential effect model showing the effects of environmental factors on superstitious belief, hope and gambling behavior was also constructed and hope was found to be the result of superstitious belief. To reduce lottery gambling, the players need to be warned of their distorted hope and the small chance of winning lottery.     

认知科学、聚合科技与中国国家安全

认知科学与聚合科技的建立是1970年代中叶以来世界科学技术领域发生的两个最重要事件。本文首先回顾了认知科学与聚合科技两大科学体系的发展状况,接着讨论了它们所带来的综合方法创新的意义,评述它们所引起的美国国防战略的系列变化,最后提出了我们对日本核泄漏的思考,并讨论了两大科学体系的发展对中国国防和国家安全的影响。     

汉语时间词模糊语义探究

时间词是一种广泛存在于人类言语交际中的语言词汇。时间词在语言表达上具有模糊性和精确性的对立统一特点。我们结合哲学 ,认知语言学等学科知识 ,从语言的思维特征 ,概念化角度探究模糊时间词的语义特征。对时间词作了简要的划分 ,并从中选取了有代表性的模糊时间词进行语义分析     

英语教师的教材评价及其意义——基于认知语篇分析的视角

研究旨在探析英语教师如何评价教材中的语言问题。采用认知语篇分析的视角，分析了9名有丰富教学经验的英语教师对选自国外和国内主编的英语教材中4段对话语料所作出的评价。一方面，对语料内容进行分析，显示出教师评价的焦点主要集中在4个方面，即语言、语境、教学和偏好；另一方面，对语料语言进行分析，从系统功能语言学的人际功能视角出发，归纳出了语料所使用的情态和评价词汇。结果发现：（1）教师在评价时表现出对教材内容持较高程度的不确定态度；（2）教师评价所使用的词汇不具体，大多集中在对语言真实性和正确性持肯定或否定态度等宏观层面上；（3）教师们总体上更愿意接受国内主编的英语教材。另外，对教材评价研究和英语教学提出了几点建议。     

Identities in flux: Cognitive network activation in times of change

Using a dynamic cognitive model, we experimentally test two competing hypotheses that link identity and cognitive network activation during times of change. On one hand, affirming people’s sense of power might give them confidence to think beyond the densest subsections of their social networks. Alternatively, if such power affirmations conflict with people’s more stable status characteristics, this could create tension, deterring people from considering their networks’ diversity. We test these competing hypotheses experimentally by priming people at varying levels of status with power (high/low) and asking them to report their social networks. We show that confirming identity—not affirming power—cognitively prepares people to broaden their social networks when the world is changing around them. The emotional signature of having a confirmed identity is feeling comfortable and in control, which mediates network activation. We suggest that stable, confirmed identities are the foundation from which people can exhibit greater network responsiveness.     

Effect of framing on cognitive processing in public relations

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of message framing on cognitive processing by employees of an internal organizational message. A between-subject factorial experimental design with random assignment was used to test the moderating role of message frames on cognitive processing. Subjects in the study produced a significantly different number of thoughts in response to messages with different frames. The different frames presented also resulted in generation of different topics of thought for participants. This difference in cognitive response to a message may point to a difference in the salience of the message for the audience. The results of this study underscore the need for public relations practitioners to understand the needs and motivations of internal audiences and to contextualize internal messages for increased effectiveness in persuasion.     

Between a rock and a hard place: The evaluation of demographic forecasts

Forecasting, in general, has been described as an unavoidable yet impossible task. This irony, which comprises the ‘rock’ and the ‘hard place’ in the title, creates a high level of cognitive dissonance, which, in turn, generates stress for those both making and using forecasts that have non-trivial impacts. Why? Because the forecasted numbers that are invariably accorded a high degree of precision inexorably reveal their inevitable imprecision when the numbers forming the actuality finally take place and the numbers comprising the forecast's errors are precisely measured. The current state of the art in demography for dealing with the ‘rock’ and the ‘hard place’ is a less-than-successful strategy because it is based on an acceptance of accuracy as the primary evaluation criterion, which is the source of cognitive dissonance. One way to reduce cognitive dissonance is to change the relationship of the very cognitive elements creating it. We argue that forecast evaluations currently focused on accuracy and based on measures like RMSE and MAPE be refocused to include utility and propose for this purpose the ‘Proportionate Reduction in Error’ (PRE) measure. We illustrate our proposal with examples and discuss its advantages. We conclude that including PRE as an evaluation criterion can reduce stress by reducing cognitive dissonance without, at the same time, either trivializing the evaluation process or substantively altering how forecasts are done and presented.     

认知思维方式的生存论转向

从近代哲学的认知思维方式向现代哲学的实践思维方式的生存论转向 ,表明哲学在其发展过程中 ,愈来愈贴近现实生活的价值取向。尽管包括马克思主义在内的西方现代哲学所诉诸的“实践”基点不同 ,但是他们都是“在人的实践中以及对这个实践的理解中”来反思与探索哲学基本问题的     

Lottery qualities

The aim of this paper is to propose a model of decision-making for lotteries. Lottery qualities are the key concepts of the theory. Qualities allow the derivation of optimal decision-making processes and are taken explicitly into account for lottery evaluation. Our contribution explains the major violations of the expected utility theory for decisions on two-point lotteries and shows the necessity of giving explicit consideration to lottery qualities. Judged certainty equivalent and choice certainty equivalent concepts are discussed in detail along with the comparison of lotteries. Examples are provided by using different test results in the literature. JEL Classification D81