《标准海事通信用语》的语言特点及翻译

概要介绍了国际海事组织编写《标准海事通信用语》的背景知识,并通过例句分析了该通信用语的语言特点及其翻译.其语言特点主要包括大量使用专业词汇、用词平易而避免使用大词、大量使用以“what”开头的特殊疑问句、大量使用第一人称代词和第二人称代词及其形容词性的物主代词、句型结构避繁就简等.     

在VB5.0中实现和单片机串行通信方法

本文具体介绍了利用ＶＢ５．０的通讯控件ＭＳＣＯＭＭ３２．ＯＣＸ和单片机进行串行通信的方法——查表法发达和接收。     

修养:中国哲学的道路

修养历来被哲学所忽视,以修养为特征的中国哲学作为哲学的资质也一直受到怀疑.但是,只要我们承认哲学与人的生存状态相关,哲学有不同的形态,就能发现,修养在中国传统哲学中,不仅仅具有伦理倾向,而且与人的认识和实践活动紧密相连,与人的全面发展密切相关.修养不仅是中国哲学的道路,而且是具有"哲学"根本意义的人的活动,这种哲学为新时期哲学的发展和哲学观念的更新提供了可资借鉴的途径.     

鲍德温•斯宾塞与后维多利亚时代的古典人类学

The post-Victorian anthropologist Baldwin Spencer was the first to investigate the central and northern aboriginal tribes of Australia. His ethnographic works in this area have greatly in-fluenced related disciplines and studies in fields such as kinship, totem worship, and primitive reli-gions. In the field of classics and anthropology, Spencer’s academic heritage has received wide-spread respect and recognition, and has made sub-sequent academic discussion possible. In order to present Spencer’s personal experiences and aca-demic ideas clearly and comprehensively, it is nec-essary to return to the post-Victorian context, and comb Spencer’ s life history and academic history. Taking important clues from various times an e-vents in his life, the paper introduces three peri-ods:Spencer’s early training in the discipline and his epistemic background, his medium-term eth-nographic investigations and works, and the later investigations of Tierra del Fuego. Textual study, based on Spencer’s life history and academic histo-ry, is very useful to understand his ethnographic investigations. Sir Walter Baldwin Spencer ( 1860 -1929 ) was born on 23 June, 1860 in Lancashire, Eng-land. Spencer was educated at Old Trafford School and at the Manchester School of Art. His interest in art and sketching was lifelong, and would reveal itself in his competence as a scientific draftsman and illustrator ( D. J. Mulvaney,1990 ) . Entering Owens College ( Victoria University of Manchester) in 1879, Spencer intended to study medicine. In-spired by Milnes Marshall, a disciple of Darwin disciple, he became a committed evolutionary biol-ogist, soon abandoning conventional religion. He entered the University of Oxford in 1881 to study
science under Professor H. N. Moseley, who com-bined an enthusiasm for evolutionary biology with ethnological interests. Spencer grasped Oxford ’ s diverse opportunities, which included lectures by Ruskin and E. B. Tylor. In 1887, Spencer ar-rived at Melbourne University . With his colleague Professor David Masson, Spencer helped to trans-form university standards and they co-operated as entrepreneurs of Australian science. Spencer was recruited as zoologist and photog-rapher in the 1894 Horn scientific exploration ex-pedition to central Australia. His anthropological interest was rekindled when he met F. J. Gillen, the Alice Springs postmaster, during the expedi-tion. In 1896 Spencer joined Gillen for the most intensive fieldwork then attempted in Australia. The Native Tribes of Central Australia ( 1899 ) , which resulted, was to influence contemporary theories on social evolution and interpretations of the origins of art and ceremonial practices. Spencer and Gillen drove a buggy from Oodnadatta to Borroloola in 1901-02 . Their research resulted in The Northern Tribes of Central Australia ( 1904 );Haddon had written that the names of Spencer and Gillen are familiar to every ethnologist in the world, and probably no books on ethnology have been so wide-ly noticed and criticized as have The Native Tribes of Central Australia and The Northern Tribes of Central Australia (A. C. Haddon ,1902). To assist the Government of the Common-wealth, Spencer was appointed Special Commis-sioner for Aboriginals in the Northern Territory, and also their Chief Protector. He also led three other scientists, including J. A. Gilruth, on the 1911 Preliminary Scientific Expedition. Native Tribes of the Northern Territory of Australia (1914)
described his ethnographic observations and the ex-tensive collections made on the expedition. At the government ’ s request, Spencer visited Alice Springs and Hermannsburg in 1923 . He published The Arunta: A Study of a Stone Age People ( 2 vols, 1927 ) to respond to the criticisms derived from Carl Stretlow and defend his work. A popular rewrite of previous books followed—Wanderings in Wild Australia ( 2 vols, 1928 )—this time under his sole authorship. Spencer retired as emeritus professor in 1919 . His nerves and his judgments were impaired from the strain of continuous overwork, the virtual disin-tegration of his marriage, and he was finally hospi-talized in 1921 . His health improved and within two years he resumed anthropological activities and rebuilt his art collection. He sailed to Tierra del Fuego together with Jean Hamilton to undertake anthropological studies early in 1929. Spencer, with an unrivalled record of anthropological field-work in Australia, undertook this journey to fill a gap in our knowledge, and compare very different and remote races of mankind (A. C. H. ,1931). However, his gallant attempt was prematurely frus-trated by his death from angina pectoris, at which point he had been only two months in the field. His notes were organized and published as Spencer’s Last Journey (1931). His achievements were recognized. Elected as a fellow of the Royal Society in 1900 , he was ap-pointed C. M. G. in 1904 and K. C. M. G. in 1916 . Manchester University conferred him with an honorary doctorate of science, while Melbourne a-warded him a doctorate of letters. Exeter College, Oxford, elected him to an honorary fellowship in 1907 , and stained glass in its hall commemorates his contribution. James Frazer’s letter to Spencer in 1899 was prophetic: books like mine, merely speculative, will be superseded sooner or later ( the sooner the better for the sake of truth) by bet-ter induction based on fuller knowledge;books like yours, containing records of observations, will nev-er be superseded ( John M. Cooper, 1932 ) . Therefore, the sense and value of reading and un-derstanding Spencer and his books today goes with-out saying.     

In Vino Pecunia? The Association Between Beverage-Specific Drinking Behavior and Wages

The positive association between moderate alcohol consumption and wages is well documented in the economic literature. Positive health effects as well as networking mechanisms serve as explanations for the “alcohol–income puzzle.” Using individual-based microdata from the SOEP for 2006, we confirm that this relationship exists for Germany as well. More importantly, we shed light on the alcohol–income puzzle by analyzing, for the first time, the association between beverage-specific drinking behavior and wages. In our analysis, we disentangle the general wage effect of drinking into diverse effects for different types of drinkers. Mincerian estimates reveal significant and positive relationships between wine drinkers and wages as well as between multiple beverage drinkers and wages. When splitting the sample into age groups, the “drinking gain” disappears for employees under the age of 35 and increases in size and significance for higher age groups. We also find a “beer gain” for the oldest age group and male residents of rural areas as well as a “cocktail gain” for residents of urban areas. Several explanations for our empirical results are discussed in view of the likelihood that the alcohol–income puzzle is a multicausal phenomenon.

简论中国古代的环境伦理思想

中国古代环境伦理思想的哲学基础是天人统一观 ,尊重生命 ,兼爱万物是这一伦理思想的主题。寡欲节用是中国古代珍惜自然资源的传统美德。中国古代就已形成了渗透环境伦理意识的政法理念。不同于西方传统伦理学所奉行的人类中心主义 ,中国先哲主张保持人和自然关系的和谐统一。作为珍贵的文化遗产 ,中国古代环境伦理思想是保证和维护中华民族几千年生存繁衍和中华文明绵延不断的重要因素之一 ,它对现代环境伦理学的发展也具有重大的理论借鉴价值。在当前现代化建设中 ,有分析地借鉴我国古代的环境伦理思想 ,对创建适合我国国情的环境伦理学 ,解决社会可持续发展问题是极有意义的     

论西方现代生态伦理学的"东方转向"

西方现代生态伦理学的基本思想全然不同于传统伦理观,其吸收、借鉴东方传统文化中丰富的生态智慧,呈现出“东方转向”的趋势。这种“东方转向”是西方现代生态伦理学对造成现代生态危机的西方文化传统的批判否定之后所做的文化选择和价值转换,是对东方传统文化的丰富意蕴和价值的再发现。但它在方法论和价值取向上也存在意识决定论、以道德话语代替制度变革等局限性。所有这些都值得我们对中西文化的互动、传统与现代的撞击做深入的思考。     

三十而立:社会史研究在中国的实践

新时期中国史学最引人注目的事件是社会史的复兴与发展.30年的中国社会史研究经历了整体社会史、区域社会史、新社会史三个发展阶段,这是一个不断反思和不断创新的过程,也是一个不断走向成熟的过程.三十而立,回顾与前瞻同样重要.     

中国英语与中西文化交流

“中国英语”是英语语言在中国文化环境下成长起来的一种比较特殊的语言现象,从文化语言学的角度来看,这种英语的存在不仅必要,而且有其合理的一面。从语言和文化的关系,中英两种文化的差异与交流等方面来探讨这种英语的形成与发展。