Optimal Information Processing and Bayes's Theorem

In this article statistical inference is viewed as information processing involving input information and output information. After introducing information measures for the input and output information, an information criterion functional is formulated and optimized to obtain an optimal information processing rule (IPR). For the particular information measures and criterion functional adopted, it is shown that Bayes's theorem is the optimal IPR. This optimal IPR is shown to be 100% efficient in the sense that its use leads to the output information being exactly equal to the given input information. Also, the analysis links Bayes's theorem to maximum-entropy considerations.     

“投票悖论”的分析及其矫正——理性选择理论的“投票现象”应用批判

投票机制是民主政治的制度性保障,但它却存在着一个悖论。这一悖论可被简单地表述为：在投票参与者意识到自己的选票对结果的影响是微不足道的时候,他们往往不会牺牲闲暇以及交通成本等方面的付出到投票站投出手中的选票。美国大选仅仅具有半数左右的参与率似乎也在事实上为以上＂洞见＂提供了心理学依据和社会学依据。在试图解决投票悖论这一问题的过程中,具体分析理性选择理论是如何从一个过分武断化了的前提出发,而走向一条循环论证的死胡同的;进而希望通过为投票动机添加新的变量的方式来缓解理性选择理论的这种弊病。     

Male Couples and Their Relationship Styles

This article presents a classification system for understanding male couples in terms of how they bond and maintain a relationship. The various roles sex plays in the development and maintenance of a relationship are also examined, as is the important influence of AIDS. In order to be helpful to male couples, social workers need to be familiar with the diversity of relationship patterns in this group.     

Concurrent consideration of product design,process planning and production planning activities

In manufacturing engineering, product design, process planning and production planning activities are often considered independently. However, in order to effectively respond to changes in business situations, such as changes in demand forecast, product mix and technology, it is desirable to consider them concurrently. For this purpose, a large-scale linear programming model has been developed. The model considers minimization of the sum of processing cost, late shipment cost and inventory holding cost as the objective, and concurrently selects product designs, and generates process plans and production plans. The number of columns in the formulation can be large and, hence, an efficient column generation scheme is developed to solve the model. The model and solution procedure are illustrated with examples.     

论死亡赔偿金的制度价值

2009年12月26日通过的《侵权责任法》明确规定在同一事故中可不考虑个人差异,以同一数额确定死亡赔偿金。该条同命同价条款引起社会各界的广泛关注。死亡赔偿并不是对死者生命价值的赔偿,而是对死者近亲属受损利益的救济。死亡赔偿从扶养丧失说改采继承丧失说,赔偿标准采定型化赔偿和客观计算,体现了立法没有为了逻辑自治而漠视社会现实,但对城乡居民采用了两分法的计算标准,显然违背了死亡赔偿金设立的初衷。今后死亡赔偿金制度的完善必然取决于对有关利弊的实证分析而非抽象的逻辑推理。     

证据损害理论：潜伏性毒物致害侵权诉讼中的可选择理论

在潜伏性毒物致害侵权诉讼中,由于经历时间久远、证据缺失以及造成损害结果的事实不确定等因素,对诉讼裁判的准确性造成极大困难。不确定性的存在以及后来法庭无法对事实进行裁定,有时是由于当事人的不当行为所致。这些不当行为人才应该对案件事实的不确定性以及相应的致错风险承担责任。是否应该让这些当事人承担这种证据损害的责任、其法律标准应该如何设置以及对于那些遭受证据损害者法律应该给予他们何种救济都是这种特殊侵权诉讼中可选择理论———证据损害理论所要探讨的重大议题。     

中国近代思想史上的“强力政府论”:激进乎?保守乎?——基于梁启超、孙中山相关思想的考察

梁启超、孙中山的政治态度和思想主张虽有很多差异,但在政府问题上的主张却惊人的一致。基于国民程度低下等原因,梁启超在肯定政府之事业当渐次轻减的同时,强调适宜于当下的善政府必须是一个权力高度集中的强有力的政府。孙中山在重新界定人民与政府之间关系的基础上,提出只有主人(人民)真心诚意地将治权交与仆人(政府),才能打造出一个理想的万能政府。梁启超、孙中山的强力政府论在论证逻辑上虽有明显的不同,但却兼具保守与激进的思想特色。这种情形印证了中国近代思想史上的所谓保守与激进实质上是一种相当复杂的思想谱系。     

Tax evasion and emotions: An empirical test of re-integrative shaming theory

Shaming can be either of two types, shaming that becomes stigmatization of the offender and favors his exclusion from the community, or shaming that is followed by forgiveness and reintegration of the deviant. Here we test experimentally these aspects of shaming theory with a repeated tax-payment game, in which the shaming “ritual” consisted of displaying the evader’s picture in addition to charging monetary sanctions. Results show that when cheating is made public and the contravener is not successively reintegrated, the total amount of cheating is significantly increased compared to when cheating is made public but publicity is immediately followed by reintegration. The former condition is associated with more intense negative emotions related to cheating. This suggests that the employment of a social shaming mechanism may be an effective, albeit very sensitive, tool in the hands of policy makers.     

The Generalized Pascal Triangle and the Matrix Variate Jensen-Logistic Distribution

This article defines the so called Generalized Matrix Variate Jensen-Logistic distribution. The relevant applications of this class of distributions in Configuration Shape Theory consist of a more efficient computation, supported by the corresponding inference. This demands the solution of two important problems: (1) the development of analytical and efficient formulae for their k-th derivatives and (2) the use of the derivatives to transform the configuration density into a polynomial density under some special matrix Kummer relation, indexed in this case by the Jensen-Logistic kernel. In this article, we solve these problems by deriving a simple formula for the k-th derivative of the density function, avoiding the usual partition theory framework and using a generalization of Pascal triangles. Then we apply the results by obtaining the associated Jensen-Logistic Kummer relations and the configuration polynomial density in the setting of Statistical Shape Theory.     

现代科学技术发展之哲学思考

现代科学技术的发展 ,尤其是信息技术、生物技术和新材料技术发展十分迅猛 ,而控制论、信息论和系统论又为现代科学技术的发展提供了崭新的思想和方法 ,推动了各门边缘学科和综合性学科的发展 ,并随着人类认识功能的深化 ,以及科学研究方法的不断完善 ,越来越深刻地反映着大自然、人类和社会的真实图景。