南宋两浙地区农村家庭经济探析

南宋时期,随着农村市场的快速成长和社会经济的高涨,两浙地区的农村家庭经济发生不少变化,呈现出一些新的发展趋向和特点.一方面,家庭的生活性消费和生产性消费越来越由传统的自产自给走向市场供应;另一方面,家庭生产的专业化现象日益增多,出现了一批专门从事农副业、手工业生产和服务业的专业户.与此同时,家庭副业普遍向具有商品生产性质的"兼业"形态转变.这些变化虽尚未达到从根本上改变农村经济基本结构的程度,但从中反映出以自给自足为特征的小农经济开始朝着市场化、商品化的方向发展.     

Cost-Benefit Analysis of All-Terrain Vehicles at the CPSC1

The present value of the costs of injuries and deaths associated with each unit of a product is a useful number in conducting cost-benefit analysis at the CPSC. Before a remedy is known, this value indicates the approximate amount that it is worth spending on a fix; similarly, if a fix is proposed, this number indicates whether it is cost-justified. The method of analysis is applied to all-terrain vehicles. Injury costs per vehicle are estimated. Determinants of accidents are estimated using a logit regression model applied to surveys of users and of accident victims; this indicates factors associated with accidents, and is used to estimate marginal probabilities. Costs of various vehicle components are estimated using a hedonic price index. This information (injury costs, accident probabilities, and component cost) is combined in a benefit–cost analysis of proposed remedies.     

棉业统制与上海棉纺织同业公会的价格协调:以纺管会时期为中心的考察

抗战胜利以后,国民政府对棉纱布实行联合配销政策。上海第六区机器棉纺织同业公会在政府与会员之间发挥了比较重要的协调作用,一方面要传达政府的价格限制指令,另一方面又要为行业争取合法利益,如何找到二者的均衡点,成为该同业公会重要的职责与功能。通过史料分析,发现在统制经济时期,同业公会并没有丧失独立性,在经济社会中仍然发挥着中间部门的协调作用。     

Examining the undisclosed margins: postcolonial intellectuals and subaltern voices

South African history and culture is etched with traces of subalterns that continue to struggle against silencing. The resistance struggle owed much to the efforts of ordinary South Africans, who bore the brunt of repression. The tactics of the apartheid government included structural repression, state violence and cultural suppression. To the extent that resistance was outlawed and severely punished, the struggle was a subaltern expression. Less well known is the fact that there were other sources of cultural repression: some disaffected beneficiaries of apartheid, who styled themselves as liberal intellectuals were quite reactionary in their responses to the resistance literature. Some relatively progressive intellectuals have also contributed (however unwittingly) to the marginalization of black writers, men and women. The women’s resistance poetry addresses political and gender activism, responses to the deaths in the struggle, the recognition of the need for imaginative strategies to prevail against apartheid, capitalism, patriarchy and neo-colonialism, as well as the need for self-reflection and self-criticism. The post-apartheid period has brought new and tougher challenges. The testimony given by women at the Truth and Reconciliation Commission suggests how women have been silenced by tradition, the brutality of the state and some of their comrades, fear of the consequences of being heard, and by the inherent shortcomings in the structure and process of the investigation. The condition of migrant subalterns in the post-apartheid state is investigated by examining the lives of women who have casual employment as domestic workers and live in makeshift housing in urban shack settlements. Most are sole supporters and caretakers of their households and struggle to make up the curbs in social services that have resulted from structural adjustment. Poorly paid and exploited by their employers, abandoned by the trade union movement and ignored by the local government, the fact that they and their dependents survive is a function of their capacity for labour, networking and creativity. From the methods and achievements of subaltern organizations, it appears that they have a pivotal role to play in improving the lives of subalterns.     

人口和计划生育工作重新定位——从新体制的构建谈起

十二届全国人大决定:撤销卫生部与国家人口和计划生育委员会,组建国家卫生和计划生育委员会。这一决定明确昭示了计划生育"综合改革"和"统筹解决"人口问题体制改革的结束,是国务院为人口和计划生育工作进行的重新定位。新体制下,机遇与挑战并存,计划生育与卫生服务资源可以获得合理配置,但也存在服务理念和方式的矛盾问题,全员人口信息化、奖励扶助制度、流动人口研究和咨询等一些计划生育传统的工作领域也将面临尴尬的境地。     

社会主义新农村视角下的乡镇政府职能研究

全面建设社会主义新农村,乡镇政府是重要的组织力量。本文对构建社会主义新农村的内涵和关于在社会主义新农村中乡镇政府职能的研究做了梳理,指出在建设社会主义新农村的视角下乡镇政府的主要职能表现于：经济建设职能、社会建设职能、文化建设职能、生态建设职能和政治建设职能。     

中国农村改革的两大主题及其难点透视

中国近三十年来的农村改革两大主题是通过农村经济体制的改革,再造市场经济的微观基础,使亿万农户成为独立的市场主体;通过农村政治体制的改革,再造基层社会的民主权威,使亿万农民群众当家作主。但由于受到我国城乡二元结构和体制机制的制约,农村生产要素市场缺乏应有的发展,一再拖延了市场经济体制的创建,乡村社会也出现了“治理危机”。下一步,应坚持“整体推进”和“重点突破”相结合的思路,重点推进农地产权制度、民间融资机制、农业科技推广体制和以乡镇机构、农村义务教育体制、县乡财政管理体制为核心的综合改革,为建设社会主义新农村提供体制保障、财力支持和动力源泉,不断增强农村发展的内部活力,不断扩大基层民主政治建设。     

社会主义新农村建设中农民政治参与的几点思考

社会主义新农村建设的主体是农民,农民政治参与对于新农村建设有着积极的重要意义。当前我国农民政治参与意识、效能感总体偏低,农民合法性政治参与组织化程度较差,还存在着大量的非制度化政治参与,这在一定程度上阻碍了新农村建设的进程。培育新型农民,发挥农民政治参与对新农村建设的积极作用,合理安排和积极引导与新农村建设相协调的农民政治参与,将有利于促进新农村建设的顺利进行。     

村民自治对国家与农村社会关系的制度化重构

村民自治对国家与农村社会关系的制度化重构表现为：１．由于宪法和法律的制度安排，村民自治条件下国家的组织边界止于乡镇政权；２．村民委员会授权主体由乡镇政府转向村级社区的选民，意味着以“命令──服从”为特征的传统国家与农村社会的关系模式开始瓦解；３．村民委员会实际上又扮演了农村社会“自组织”的角色，成为联系国家与农村社会的桥梁和代理人；４．国家与农村社会关系的组织化、实体化和法律化，保证了国家对农村社会的动员与整合。     

论中国知青上山下乡运动的落幕

中国知青上山下乡运动到文化大革命结束之时,党中央抱着实事求是的态度对它进行科学认真的审视,几经周折,终于作出了顺应历史潮流、符合民心的决策,随之开始了席卷全国的知青返城大潮,上山下乡整体化的运动终于落幕了。但上山下乡运动真正的结束,却是此后好多年的事。有关部门对上山下乡运动后遗症的处理和对知青们工龄的认定,标志了这场轰轰烈烈经历了27年的运动终于成了历史。