翻译规范与德庇时《中国小说集》英译

英国著名汉学家德庇时1822年以李渔作品《十二楼》中的《三与楼》《夺锦楼》与《合影楼》为原本翻译的《中国小说集》是其代表性译作。在英译过程的各个阶段,德庇时均受到翻译规范的制约。他选择小说《十二楼》译介受到预备规范的影响;他在英译中主要采用归化的翻译策略减少译文的异质性,受到起始规范的作用;他在处理小说情节时采取删节、增补与改写等具体翻译方法,则是操作规范规约译者实际翻译过程的体现。德庇时英译《中国小说集》在英语世界的广泛传播,是译者主动适应翻译规范的结果,对当前推动中国文学走出去具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Comparing two independent groups via the lower and upper quantiles

The most common strategy for comparing two independent groups is in terms of some measure of location intended to reflect the typical observation. However, it can be informative and important to compare the lower and upper quantiles as well, but when there are tied values, extant techniques suffer from practical concerns reviewed in the paper. For the special case where the goal is to compare the medians, a slight generalization of the percentile bootstrap method performs well in terms of controlling Type I errors when there are tied values [Wilcox RR. Comparing medians. Comput. Statist. Data Anal. 2006;51:1934–1943]. But our results indicate that when the goal is to compare the quartiles, or quantiles close to zero or one, this approach is highly unsatisfactory when the quantiles are estimated using a single order statistic or a weighted average of two order statistics. The main result in this paper is that when using the Harrell–Davis estimator, which uses all of the order statistics to estimate a quantile, control over the Type I error probability can be achieved in simulations, even when there are tied values, provided the sample sizes are not too small. It is demonstrated that this method can also have substantially higher power than the distribution free method derived by Doksum and Sievers [Plotting with confidence: graphical comparisons of two populations. Biometrika 1976;63:421–434]. Data from two studies are used to illustrate the practical advantages of the method studied here.     

德庇时《三与楼》重译的伦理阐释

英国著名汉学家德庇时于1815年最早将《三与楼》译为英文。1822年,他在初译的基础上重译该小说。与初译本相比,重译本在遣词造句及篇章结构方面显现出迥异的翻译策略,反映出译者前后在翻译伦理上发生了从存异到求同的嬗变。这一变化是译者所处特定社会历史文化背景下意识形态影响、诗学修养及自身身份共同作用的结果。