我国怀特海有机哲学研究85年

我国关于怀特海有机哲学的研究成果始见于20世纪20年代,距今已有85年。其中,20至40年代是有机哲学研究的初始和重要时期,50至80年代是研究的低迷期,自90年以来对有机哲学的关注度迅速提升,而教育思想是其应用研究中最为活跃的领域。     

论穆尔的中西哲学比较研究

查尔斯·穆尔（Charles A.Moore）在现代东西方文化和哲学比较研究史上是一位非常重要的学者,是上世纪三四十年代美国对中国哲学研究开始走向繁荣的一面旗帜。他注意到了中国哲学乃至东方哲学的多样性、复杂性和丰富性,并开创性地提出和使用了通过考察＂重点＂（即东西方主流倾向和立场）的方式进行哲学比较的研究方法。而＂实践＂这一概念是穆尔比较研究的平台,在这个平台上他讨论了当时几乎所有重要的哲学比较的途径和观点,在此基础上提出了自己关于中西哲学差异的三个重要观点,把当时的东西方相互理解向前推进了一步。     

高校讲坛推进马克思主义哲学大众化的理论思考

高校讲坛历来是推进马克思主义哲学大众化的重要渠道和基本方式之一。本文主要从教育价值的视角,就高校讲坛如何有效推进马克思主义哲学大众化的必要前提、面临的价值矛盾及需要的价值支撑进行简要分析。     

解读马克思机器观的逻辑进程——从《哲学的贫困》到《资本论》的文本分析

《哲学的贫困》中蒲鲁东以＂唯心主义的系列辩证法＂为指导阐述了他的机器思想：一是机器是如何产生的,二是机器的好的方面和坏的方面。马克思以历史唯物主义的观点批判了蒲鲁东,科学地论述了机器的产生及其与分工的关系,但对蒲鲁东揭示的机器的坏的方面则是默认的。到创作《资本论》时期,马克思提出了应将机器和机器的资本主义应用相区分的思想,从而解开为何在《贫困的哲学》中对蒲鲁东揭示的机器的坏的方面保持默认态度这一疑团。马克思的这一思想对当今国际学术界也产生了深刻的影响。     

On operations research and value conflicts

The paper addresses the question of how operations research (OR) ought to handle decision problems that involve value conflicts. First, we note that early OR was considered essentially value free within the OR community, with a mechanistic systems perspective, although some voiced concern that an analyst should not detach herself from the consequences of her work. Then we propose a value conflict scale, which we use to assess the conflict levels in a small sample of OR applications. We then turn to value identification. In practise, organizational value statements include many kinds of values, and we discuss how values can be sorted out according to ethical categories, which helps in identifying consequentialistic decision criteria. The next question is how values can be enacted in a decision process. We review findings in neuroscience, which indicate that intra-personal decision-making takes place in a field of tension between deliberation and affect. The implication is that low level conflicts may leave decision-makers too cold for values to be enacted and therefore want infusion of emotion. On the other hand, emotions in high-level conflicts may run too high to give reason a chance. Emotions, therefore, need to be tempered and this can be achieved through at least two strategies: a focus on consequences rather than virtues and rules and discourse ethics. These are the subjects of the two last parts of the paper. We conclude by proposing five ethical rules for OR analysis of value conflicts. An analyst should not regard herself as being detached from the decision that are made, should be conscious that good decision-making requires temperate emotions that balance affect and deliberation, should promote focus on consequences, should promote the view that stakeholders have intrinsic value; they should not be treated instrumentally and should encourage fair processes to identify stakeholder values.     

支付条件的选择决策问题:出口商的视角

科学地选择和决策支付条件是出口商保证收汇安全、及时、经济并与进口伙伴共同实现交易目标的重要工作,它可以最大程度地避免因签约时的考虑不周而引起的合同履行中的纠纷和损失问题。出口商应当正确确定支付条件的决策内容和决策评价标准,寻找可行方案,利用定性与定量分析的科学方法,结合经验分析,找到在该贸易环境下的最优选择,并对结果在实施中的效果进行评价和反馈。决策中,还需要注意若干管理问题,以保证决策工作的效用和效率。     

Biometrics and Privacy A note on the politics of theorizing technology

Society's increased surveillance needs are accelerating the spread of biometric security solutions (new authentication and identification technologies based on individual physical characteristics). There are two opposing lines of argument regarding the question of whether biometrics are a threat to privacy or not. This paper analyses the two views on their tacit assumptions regarding the nature of biometric technology. It argues that the different assessments of biometric technology involve different conceptualizations and constructions of the technology in terms of its demarcation as a stabilized object. On a second level, the analysis deals with the philosophical issue of technological determinism. The opposition between deterministic and voluntarist views of technology is shaped by an underlying opposition between reification of technology on the one hand, and a conception of technology as a multifactor contingent human practice on the other . In this paper deterministic and voluntarist constructions of technology are considered as rhetorical devices , and as discursive strategies. This allows me to show how distinctions between inherent features and contingent aspects of biometric technologies, as well as demarcations between human and non-human agency are made, that imply particular distributions of responsibility and negotiating space for human choices and values. Examples are presented showing how each construction of biometric technology serves its own purpose in the political process of shaping biometrics.     

中西方哲学源头差异比较

中西方哲学源头的差异是由各自不同的社会环境和生产方式决定的。其表现为欧洲哲学思维重视自然物研究,以探索知识为特征;而中国哲学则从社会伦理和协调关系出发,以主体修养为核心。不同的哲学出发点同时孕育了不同的伦理意识,进而导致中西方不同的文化底蕴和不同的民族性格。     

关于三李与关学精神

学术界对“关学”有两种理解一是指北宋时期陕西关中地区以张载为核心的关学学派;一是指北宋以降至清代的关中理学。前者为狭义关学,后者为广义关学。一般多使用广义关学概念,下限至晚清刘古愚时代。指出明清之际关中以“三李之道为最尊”,坚持“经世致用”学风,回归孔孟儒学正宗,使关学走上实学化道路,体现了“刚毅厚朴,务实重礼,崇尚气节,躬体力行”的关学精神。今天研究“关中三李”对开发西部,制定文化战略具有重要的现代价值。     

论公孙龙哲学的特征

在我国先秦诸子哲学中,公孙龙哲学具有与其他诸子思想迥异的个性特征和独特风格,这就是研究内容上的"专决于名",立论方式上的超越常识,论说方法上的"假物取譬"。准确把握公孙龙哲学的这三个特征,对于深入研究和客观评价公孙龙哲学思想,具有重要意义。