自贡市盐业职业技术教育发展历程简论

自贡市盐业职业技术教育的发展经历了三个阶段：“文革”前、“文革”期间和“文革”后。各阶段均产生了一批不同形式的盐业职业学校；受国家政治、经济形势和教育政策的影响,各阶段的盐业职业技术教育在办学主体、办学层次、学校性质、办学规模与效益等方面呈现出不同的特点。     

循环经济：从发展理念到建设模式

巨大的人口压力要求中国必须保持高速的经济增长,经济的高速增长使资源环境问题日益凸显。以增加社会总需求、实现充分就业为目标的凯恩斯经济学,忽视了资源稀缺的约束,孳生了以要素高投入、废弃物高排放、产出高增长为特征的经济发展模式。自1980年代起,中国政府和社会各界就从实践和理论上对新的经济发展模式进行了艰苦的探索。科学发展观与和谐社会的理念,主张把人重新纳入自然界,人与自然和谐并存、共同发展;生产力概念应当给予重新界定:生产力是人们顺应自然,发展经济,实现人类与自然共同进步的能力。作为一种发展理念,循环经济已经得到人们比较一致的认可;现在最重要的是必须适时地把循环经济理念转变为行为,把理论的结论转化为实践的成果,把发展模式具体化为建设模式。     

关于发展哲学研究的反思

发展哲学是21世纪马克思主义哲学研究的重要生长点。我国当代发展哲学研究大体经历了两个时期：起始期和发展期，即发展哲学研究的学科意识唤醒期和体系意识推进期。在此过程中，发展哲学研究既取得了一定成就，又存在一定的缺失。就缺失而言．主要是学科界定不清，学科特质不明显，其症结在于以狭义解释屏蔽广义解释，大大限制了发展哲学研究的新视野。因此应以马克思主义过程辩证法重构发展理念．理解发展哲学。     

Issues in Qualitative and Quantitative Risk Analysis for Developmental Toxicology1

The qualitative and quantitative evaluation of risk in developmental toxicology has been discussed in several recent publications.(^1–3) A number of issues still are to be resolved in this area. The qualitative evaluation and interpretation of end points in developmental toxicology depends on an understanding of the biological events leading to the end points observed, the relationships among end points, and their relationship to dose and to maternal toxicity. The interpretation of these end points is also affected by the statistical power of the experiments used for detecting the various end points observed. The quantitative risk assessment attempts to estimate human risk for developmental toxicity as a function of dose. The current approach is to apply safety (uncertainty) factors to die no observed effect level (NOEL). An alternative presented and discussed here is to model the experimental data and apply a safety factor to an estimated risk level to achieve an “acceptable” level of risk. In cases where the dose-response curves upward, this approach provides a conservative estimate of risk. This procedure does not preclude the existence of a threshold dose. More research is needed to develop appropriate dose-response models that can provide better estimates for low-dose extrapolation of developmental effects.     

不同类型绩效考核对员工考核反应的差异性影响——考核目的视角下的研究

本文旨在探讨不同类型绩效考核对员工考核反应(Appraisal Reaction)造成的差异性影响。根据考核的两种基本目的(发展型和评估型),将绩效考核划分为交易型、承诺型、合作型和放任型四种类型。通过对武汉市308名企业员工的调查发现,在不同类型的绩效考核下,员工对考核的直接反应和间接反应都有显著性差异。整体而言,在合作型绩效考核下,员工的考核公平感会表现得更高,任务绩效也会更好;在放任型绩效考核下,员工的考核满意度最低。进一步的协方差分析和多变量方差分析也基本证实了该结果。     

A Comparison of Methods for Estimating the Benchmark Dose Based on Overdispersed Data from Developmental Toxicity Studies

Developmental anomalies resulting from prenatal toxicity can be manifested in terms of both malformations among surviving offspring and prenatal death. Although these two endpoints have traditionally been analyzed separately in the assessment of risk, multivariate methods of risk characterization have recently been proposed. We examined this and other issues in developmental toxicity risk assessment by evaluating the accuracy and precision of estimates of the effective dose ( ED ₀₅) and the benchmark dose ( BMD ₀₅) using computer simulation. Our results indicated that different variance structures (Dirichlet-trinomial and generalized linear model) used to characterize overdispersion yielded comparable results when fitting joint dose response models based on generalized estimating equations. (The choice of variance structure in separate modeling was also not critical.) However, using the Rao-Scott transformation to eliminate overdispersion tended to produce estimates of the ED ₀₅ with reduced bias and mean squared error. Because joint modeling ensures that the ED ₀₅ for overall toxicity (based on both malformations and prenatal death) is always less than the ED ₀₅ for either malformations or prenatal death, joint modeling is preferred to separate modeling for risk assessment purposes.     

法治层次论与法治发展模式

法治层次论主张法治由治理方式、制度形态、秩序状态和价值理念等4个高低不同的层次组成,这4个 层次,从宏观上又可分为制度法治和观念法治两大部分。法治建构论强调的是制度法治的建立方式,进化论针对 的是观念法治的衍生过程,二者不仅不相互排斥,反而是紧密相连的依存关系。     

社会福利机构中社会工作介入老人发展性需求探究——以上海市第一社会福利院为例

本文在调查上海市第一社会福利院老人需求状况基础上,发现了老人各项发展性需求,机构中的社会工作部在老人各项发展性需求上,做出针对性的工作。调查结果发现,社会工作介入老人发展性需求有一定的成效,上海市第一社会福利院老人的需求获得较好的满足,最后提出机构社会工作在老人需求满足方面的若干建议。     

社会福利机构中社会工作介入老人发展性需求探究——以上海市第一社会福利院为例

本文在调查上海市第一社会福利院老人需求状况基础上,发现了老人各项发展性需求,机构中的社会工作部在老人各项发展性需求上,做出针对性的工作。调查结果发现,社会工作介入老人发展性需求有一定的成效,上海市第一社会福利院老人的需求获得较好的满足,最后提出机构社会工作在老人需求满足方面的若干建议。     

Individual Growth Curves of Frequency of Sexual Intercourse Among Urban,Adolescent, African American Youth

Summary

In the current study we examined individual growth curves of frequency of sexual intercourse among a sample of urban, low-income, African American youth at increased risk for subsequent HIV/AIDS exposure. Three waves of longitudinal data from the Collaborative HIV-Prevention AdolescentMental Health (CHAMP) project were utilized. Participant ages ranged from 9 to 12 years (M = 11 years) at the first interview wave and from 15 to 19 years (M = 18 years) at the final interview wave. As such, we were able to map out true developmental trajectories of sexual intercourse over a 10-year period of adolescence (spanning ages 9 to 19 years). Results indicate that the average study participant was sexually abstinent (in terms of intercourse) during the pre-teen years, reported a single episode of sexual intercourse between ages 14 and 15, and by age 19, reported between 3 and 10 episodes of sexual intercourse. Significant variability in the acceleration of growth rates (as captured by a quadratic random effect) was observed, suggesting that some youth accelerated more rapidly (in their sexual intercourse histories) than did others. Participant gender predicted trajectory starting points; boys reported higher rates of sexual intercourse at age 12. Frequency of baseline exposure to sexual possibility situations (i.e., being in mixed-sex company in a private place in the absence of adult supervision) predicted growth curve acceleration, suggesting preteenswith more exposure to sexual possibility situations accelerated more rapidly in their rates of sexual intercourse over time. Developmental implications of these data are discussed.