清末民初中国人对汽车的认识

自清末汽车从国外输入中国，到南京国民政府成立这一历史时段，国人对汽车的认识经历了一段从疑惧到接受以至倡办的过程。这既表明了时代的进步，又反映了国人理性的增长。     

论中国早期私家园林

秦代以前中国无私家园林.私家园林产生于西汉早期并兴起于西汉中期.它是从皇家园林脱胎而来的.早期中国私家园林带有鲜明的皇家园林痕迹,面积广阔,建筑宏大,但已具备“宅园”的私家园林基本特征.     

汶川震后心理危机的早期干预：文献综述与评价

汶川抗震救灾的经验表明：震后相当比例的人会出现心理应激障碍，对此应进行适当的早期心理干预，并以预防PTSD为主要目标，可采取心理急救、严重事件应激晤谈、认知行为疗法、眼动脱敏再加工技术等方法进行。     

A global risk assessment model for civil wars

In this study, we construct a multivariate model that assesses the risk of an outbreak of civil war in a country over a period of 5 years into the future. In addition to structural factors of state weakness, which have dominated the literature on civil war onset, this model includes repression of basic human rights to personal integrity – an important harbinger of wars to come – as an aspect of state behavior. Our aim is not to explore the causal factors of civil war onset, but to build a model that includes indicators that correlate with civil war outbreak and may be used to predict it. Based on two versions of the model – logit and neural network – out-of-sample risk assessments for three different time periods are generated and compared to the historical record of civil war outbreak during those years. In addition, the model’s ability to produce in-sample risk assessments over a 5-year period is tested. Finally, we compute truly predictive civil war risk assessments for all countries for which data are available, for the years 2008–2012. The analyses show that with a relatively simple model and based on publicly available data sources, meaningful civil war risk assessments can be computed. The quality of the predictions exceeds that of prominent studies, in which the risk of interstate war is assessed.     

明初浙江都司昌国卫的建置及变迁

昌国卫的创置是明朝初年洪武帝经营浙东海疆的重要措施,对明王朝加强浙东地区的统治有着重要的作用.倭患的兴起和舟山不利的交通状况引起了明王朝海防布局的调整,最终导致了昌国卫的内迁.昌国卫的创置和内移反映出明王朝在浙东海疆的海防政策变化,并对舟山地区的社会经济发展产生了极大的影响.     

自我分化和早期不良图式的关系

探究了家庭治疗理论中的自我分化概念和图式理论中的早期不良图式概念的关系。研究显示:早期不良图式总体上能够对自我分化进行有效的反向预测,其中对伤害或疾病的易感性,抛弃/不稳定,苛刻标准,情感剥夺图式可以对自我分化反向预测。在情绪反应方面,抛弃、苛刻标准、自控不足、情感剥夺和服从图式能够预测。在自我位置维度上,对疾病和伤害的易感性,特权感,服从和情感剥夺图式能够预测。在情感隔离维度上,对疾病和伤害的易感性、情感剥夺、特权感有预测效应。在人际融合维度上,苛刻标准、抛弃图式有预测效应。这些结果也进一步说明早期不良图式会导致个体心理发展受阻。     

英国早期的“中国热”

从17世纪70年代起,英语词汇中出现了＂Chinoiserie＂（中国风尚）一词,标志着英国社会对中国文化有了一定的了解和认知。实际上,当时的英国受荷兰、法国以及中英贸易的影响,从王公贵胄到平民百姓都开始倾慕中国文化,并以收藏和拥有中国货为荣,在一种蒙昧状态中描述和模仿中国文化,最终演变成了18世纪流行于整个英国的＂中国热＂。     

早期维新思想家的君主立宪思潮

自1840年鸦片战争后，中国社会发生了前所未有的大变动。早期维新思想家认识到巨大的中西差 距，认识到腐朽的政治制度已成为“师夷长技”的绊脚石，不约而同地将目光转向西方的政治文明。他们将西方君主立宪 制度看作是救时之道，提出了变政教、开议院的民主理想设计，论述了自己的君主立宪思想。     

Does introducing a dedicated early labour area improve birth outcomes? A pre-post intervention study

ProblemWomen increasingly present to hospital in early labour, but admission before active labour contributes to overuse of interventions, poorer clinical and psychological outcomes, and higher healthcare costs.BackgroundInnovative models of early labour care have so far not improved birth outcomes.AimTo examine if reconfiguring the early labour service in a large Australian maternity service improved (1) the birth outcomes of women who presented in early labour and (2) alleviated bed blockages by decreasing length of stay in the Pregnancy Assessment and Observation Unit.MethodsPre-post intervention design, using routinely collected clinical data before and after the implementation of the reconfigured early labour service.FindingsThere were 527 women in pre-intervention cohort and 747 in the post-intervention cohort. The two groups were similar in age, body mass index, marital status, education level and gestation at birth. Post intervention, epidural use did not change significantly, but rates of amniotomy (35.7% vs. 49.9%, p = <0.001), meconium-stained liquor (20.1% vs 26.1%, p = 0.04), and neonatal nursery admission (2.7% vs. 5.8% p = 0.01) increased. The proportion of women staying in the Assessment unit more than two hours decreased, but not significantly.ConclusionChanging the location and model of early labour care did not influence epidural use, nor improve women’s birth outcomes. For women in early labour, admission to any location within the hospital may be as problematic as admission to birth suite specifically.     

英国《早期儿童基础教育指南》的背景、内容及启示

英国《早期儿童基础教育指南》对儿童的学习与发展和保障机制方面一直发挥着十分重要的作用。《早期儿童基础教育指南》中首先说明了实施的总体原则及具体内容和儿童要达到的早期目标,并对0-5岁儿童学习与发展的评估和儿童的保护与福利两大方面做出了具体规定。根据英国《早期儿童基础教育指南》的实施成效及经验,我国早期教育的发展应加快推进保教一体化进程,落实好五大领域培养目标,建立对幼儿的学习与发展连贯的评估机制,以及加快培育专业的师资队伍。