Measuring and estimating the interaction between exposures on a dichotomous outcome for observational studies

In observational studies for the interaction between exposures on a dichotomous outcome of a certain population, usually one parameter of a regression model is used to describe the interaction, leading to one measure of the interaction. In this article we use the conditional risk of an outcome given exposures and covariates to describe the interaction and obtain five different measures of the interaction, that is, difference between the marginal risk differences, ratio of the marginal risk ratios, ratio of the marginal odds ratios, ratio of the conditional risk ratios, and ratio of the conditional odds ratios. These measures reflect different aspects of the interaction. By using only one regression model for the conditional risk, we obtain the maximum-likelihood (ML)-based point and interval estimates of these measures, which are most efficient due to the nature of ML. We use the ML estimates of the model parameters to obtain the ML estimates of these measures. We use the approximate normal distribution of the ML estimates of the model parameters to obtain approximate non-normal distributions of the ML estimates of these measures and then confidence intervals of these measures. The method can be easily implemented and is presented via a medical example.     

清代中西文化互动及其终结

在清代, 中国文化出现了一次明显的转向, 一方面是中国文化研究者力求改变宋明以来崇尚空谈的学术风气, 重建社会与思想秩序。另一方面, 则是中西文明之间所发生的大规模的相遇和互动, 这种互动最后以失败而告终。本文旨在证明 :异质文化间的有益互动只能建立在彼此深入理解、以平等身份参与的基础之上, 各种文化形态都应当历史地反思自身在人类文明发展史中的态度选择。     

中心城市经济建设与高等教育发展的良性互动

本文在分析中心城市与重点高校在新一轮发展中所面临的挑战的基础上 ,指出大学城战略是中心城市经济建设与高等教育发展的良性互动 ,它能产生“双赢”效应。分别论述了大学城战略对于重点高校和中心城市发展的推动作用     

基于企业——顾客认知互动过程的企业战略观

本文分析了企业战略理论发展的三种思想逻辑,总结了认识论是企业战略管理的理论基础,提出了基于企业—顾客认知互动过程的企业战略观。     

中国戏曲表演与接受的相生互动性

中国戏曲艺术的形成发展和卓立不群,与中国戏曲的大众性和普及性相关,与戏曲表演者的理论修养及艺术追求相关,更离不开戏曲程式化表演和观众特定审美趣味以及欣赏过程中的全身心参与.     

Measuring tax distortions with neutrality-based effective tax rates

In public economics, effective tax rates (ETRs) are often used to measure the combined effects of tax rates, tax bases, and the time effect of taxation. Until now, the modelling of comparable figures for revealing tax effects and tax-induced distortions is not solved satisfactorily. This paper derives an ETR approach based on neutral tax systems. In contrast to traditional measures of ETRs, the neutrality-based ETR discloses preferential or discriminatory taxation of investments regardless of their pre-tax rate of return. Moreover, comparing different ETRs exposes the degree of tax-induced investment distortions.

用新媒体技术再现艺术设计作品 -《艺术设计系学生作品赏析》多媒体展示制作分析

多媒体,这个词汇在今天的社会已不再是一个陌生而又神秘的词语了.然而要制作出一件好的多媒体作品,仅仅掌握一点多媒体软件的操作命令是远远不够的,我们所强调的是软件是辅助工具,利用多媒体软件这一辅助工具,来表达我们的设计思想,来展现我们的设计构思,来再现我们的艺术作品,来提升我们艺术作品展示的力度,从而加强我们艺术作品的感染力.     

When the victim becomes vicious: Combined effects of pseudo transformational leadership and epistemic motivation on contempt and deviant behaviors

Utilizing affective events theory (Weiss & Cropanzano, 1996), the current study unravels how and when pseudo-transformational leaders promote contempt, avoidance, and aggression. Specifically, we examined whether pseudo-transformational leadership enforces feelings of contempt, which, in turn, fosters interaction avoidance and covert aggression in followers. We hypothesized that contempt also has an indirect effect that is contingent on levels of epistemic motivation of followers. By adopting a multi-wave research design, we gathered data from 277 employees of the service sector of Pakistan. The results signified that followers of pseudo-transformational leaders feel contemptuous of them and respond with interaction avoidance and indirect aggression. Further, we found that the impact of pseudo-transformational leadership on contempt was more pronounced in individuals with higher levels of epistemic motivation. We believe that this study opens up a new avenue in the pseudo-transformational leadership literature by highlighting the mechanism and conditions under which such leaders are deleterious for organizations.     

城市居民对进城农民工态度的影响因素研究——基于群体间交往的视角

本研究从群体间交往的视角出发,运用奥尔波特的“交往假说”来检验城市居民与农民工之间的朋友关系是否会影响前者的态度.基于对杭州城市居民的调查和实证分析,发现当前城市居民对于进城农民工的总体印象还是负面的,年长的和受教育程度高的城市居民对农民工持更多的负面态度.城市居民与农民工之间一般性的交往不能改变城市居民的态度,一定程度上支持了奥尔波特的“交往假说”.仅仅有农民工朋友不影响城市居民的态度,但朋友关系与四类特征变量的交互关系在城市居民态度方面有差异,性别、教育程度、职业和收入水平对朋友关系与对农民工态度之间的作用关系起着正向调节作用.     

The role of age in the relationship between work social characteristics and job attitudes

Despite the amount of research on the link between work social characteristics and job attitudes, there is a lack of work on moderators of this relationship. In the present study, we examine the role of age as a moderating effect of this relationship using life-span development theory. The aim of this paper is to study the moderator effect of age in the relationship between two work social characteristics (interaction outside the organization and interdependence) and job attitudes (i.e., general job satisfaction and work engagement). Participants were 258 workers from private organizations. Data were collected at two time points (2 to 4 weeks between T₁ and T₂). Results showed that the relationship between interdependence and work engagement was stronger for older workers than for younger workers. In addition, the relationship between interaction outside the organization and general job satisfaction was stronger for younger than for older workers. Because increased engagement and satisfaction in an age-diverse workforce is important, organizations may benefit by challenging older workers with interdependent tasks, and younger workers with interaction with stakeholders outside the organization.