城市老人居家养老的现状与对策——以无锡社区居家养老服务为例

随着人口老龄化速度的加快与老年人口规模的日益扩大,全社会对人口老龄化和老年人口问题更为关注。“老有所养”成为十七大报告中加快推进以改善民生为重点的社会建设内容之一。构建以居家养老为基础的养老服务体系是当前应对人口老龄化背景下老年人顺利实现养老的关键。笔者立足于对无锡市四家居家养老中心的实地调研,就目前居家养老现状及遇到的问题展开研究。笔者认为在中国老龄化社会背景下,居家养老功能实现需要做好三个方面的工作。首先,营造健康老龄化理念,重新构建大众的老年观念;其二,制定适应居家养老的社会福利服务政策或制度;其三,构建一种适应居家养老的社会化服务体系。     

农村老年人家庭代际交往调查

利用清华大学社会学系＂农村老年人养老情况调查＂数据,探讨了农村老年人家庭代际交往的现状与特点。结果表明,农村代际之间的经济与劳务交往仍然十分普遍,子女对上代的支持依旧是代际交往的主要方向。然而,在经济发达地区,社会养老保险制度的建立对代际关系的影响已经显现出来,老人的经济独立性提高,子女养老的经济负担大为减轻。但是,当老人生病时,子女依然是照料服务的主要提供者。今后,在农村,除了要继续扩大社会养老保险覆盖面并提高保障水平外,还需要解决老年社会化照料服务问题。     

消除社会排斥：保护残疾人弱势群体的政策研究

文章从社会排斥的维度打量了残疾人在社会生活中所遭遇的各种社会排斥,说明残疾人群体被边缘化、弱势化的现实,审视了目前残疾人群体保护政策存在的缺陷,进而提出保护残疾人弱势群体的政策建议。     

高度老龄化地区养老服务探索及发展策略研究--以天津市为例

人口老龄化加剧、社会经济发展转型与政府职能转变成为大力推动养老服务发展的客观要求。天津市已成为我国高度老龄化地区之一,在政府主导下初步形成了以社区居家养老和机构养老为主干的养老服务体系。但养老服务建设缺乏详细规划且管理机制尚未健全、养老服务事业的经费投入难以满足现实需求、区域间的养老服务资源非均等性明显、民办养老机构发展困难、专业养老护理人员缺乏等问题逐渐显现。未来时期应完善制度顶层设计和明确政府养老服务财政责任、促进养老服务管理标准化和加强行业监管、构建公办与民办养老机构差异化发展格局、促进养老服务人员的多元化与专业化、探索建立老年护理保险制度,从而推动养老服务健康发展。     

Elderly narrative reflections on the contradictions in Turkish village family life after migration of adult children

International and domestic labor migrations are changing the face of many countries. Those economic and demographic transitions collide with cultural expectations and ways of conducting intergenerational relations. This paper is a narrative analysis of some of those changes from the perspective of the elderly who remain behind in a small village in central Turkey. In particular, their narratives focus on filial expectations of sons and daughters, the status of mothers-in-law, health and economic well-being, and the future of village life. While these “left behind” elderly feel a loss of status and control and fear for their futures as their children pursue lifestyles unfamiliar and threatening to them, they are nevertheless gradually negotiating these changes and redefining late life to adapt to new circumstances and maintain their family relations.     

The Demands-Control-Support model, locus of control and job dissatisfaction: a longitudinal study

The Job-Demands-Control model (Karasek, 1979) has been widely studied in the job stress field, but the results obtained are frequently contradictory. Therefore, some investigations have expanded the model by including social support and personality characteristics such as locus of control. However, results obtained with these elaborated models have not been conclusive either. The present study sets out to integrate both types of expansions by simultaneously including social support at work and the employee's locus of control in a longitudinal multi-national study among 542 administrative personnel from Belgium, England, Spain, Italy and Israel. Hierarchical moderated multiple regression showed a significant 4-way interaction term (Demands ×Control ×Social support ×Locus of control) on the change in job dissatisfaction. This effect is qualified by the interaction between job demands and control only for an internal locus of control with high social support. Contrary to the prediction of the JDC model, which posits that high control has a buffering effect on job dissatisfaction, the study result indicates a damaging effect of excess control (perceived job control and high internal locus of control), specifically in high social support situations.     

Social Support as a Potential Moderator of Adolescent Delinquent Behaviors

The issue of juvenile delinquency continues to concern both policy makers and parents. Engaging in negative behaviors or activities that are not socially acceptable can have serious implications for adolescents' physical, emotional, and social development. Therefore, it is important that human service practitioners working with adolescents understand those factors that influence their delinquent behavior in order to develop effective interventions. This paper reports the findings of a study of self-reported delinquent activity among a sample of 779 adolescents who attended middle schools in a large urban city in the southwest United States. The study examines the relationships between delinquent behavior, social support, and a variety of other psychosocial factors. The implications of those relationships for human service practice and research are discussed.     

农村公共产品供给方式与农民负担分析——兼议免除农业税的经济效果

废除农业税是减轻农民负担的一项重要措施,然而,统计和研究发现,这一政策的经济效果并不理想,与此同时,农村基层政府财政困难,公共品供给受到严重影响。通过构建模型对我国农村公共品供给与农民负担的关系及其机理进行探讨可以看出,农村公共产品供给失效和农民负担沉重并存格局是国家经济政策偏斜和供给模式过于单一所致。因此,加大实施支农哺农政策、转换农村公共品供给模式将是支持农村发展并从根本上减轻农民负担的必然选择。     

城乡因素在老年人抑郁症状影响模型中的调节效应

抑郁症状是衡量老年人心理健康水平的有效指标。本研究采用2006年中国城乡老年人生活状况追踪调查10%数据,运用探索性因素分析、多元线性回归和结构方程模型等方法考察中国老年人的总体抑郁水平,比较抑郁水平的城乡及年龄差异,并对老年人抑郁症状及影响因素进行探索。结果显示,我国老年人抑郁症状较轻,心理健康处于良好水平。农村老年人抑郁症状较城镇老年人明显。健康水平、经济状况、社会支持可有效地预测老年人的抑郁症状。城乡在影响因素模型中起调节效应,健康水平和经济状况对老年人抑郁水平的影响作用受城乡因素的影响,对于农村老年人,经济状况的影响作用大于健康水平;在城镇老年人中表现出完全相反的模式。对于不同的老年人群,应采取有针对性的政策和措施,方能有效减缓老年人抑郁症状,促进心理健康。     

独生子女伤残状况及对计生扶助政策的需求分析

利用苏州市吴中区独生子女伤残家庭的问卷调查和小组访谈资料,对独生子女伤残状况及这些家庭对计生扶助政策的需求进行实证分析。结果表明：近七成独生子女伤残时的年龄在15岁以下,其中先天残疾占51．3％;重度残疾比例超过五分之二;智力残疾和精神残疾独生子女合计占比近六成;残疾后生活难以自理者比重接近三成。进一步分析发现,独生子女伤残家庭最需得到的帮扶依次为：为独生子女伤残家庭提供生活补助、为伤残独生子女父母提供养老保险补贴、提高独生子女家庭的医疗救助水平。基于以上结论．提出相关对策建议。