Between reform and inertia: Bolivia's employment and social protection policies over the past 20 years

With the coming to power in 2006 of Evo Morales' Movement Toward Socialism, Bolivia entered a new stage in its history: a period of ambitious political and economic reform aiming to transcend the neo‐liberal development model in place since 1985 and to renew the State on the basis of its new Constitution, drawn up in 2008. Against this background, this article examines changes in labour law and social protection during the 1980s and 1990s and takes stock of the challenges of implementing a development strategy focusing on full employment and equity.     

Persistence of an exclusionary model: Inequality and segmentation in Mexican society

Beginning in the 1980s, Mexico's social and labour policies took a neoliberal turn which exacerbated inequalities, poverty and social exclusion. The change of policy course that has occurred over the past decade has so far failed to bring about a critical review of the country's economic model and its social consequences. The role of the State has been systematically cut back; social services have been outsourced to the market; and informal family‐based social protection has gained ground. Mexico's social model has thus been reduced to a system that is almost exclusively concerned with protection for those living in extreme poverty.     

The U.S. Health System and Immigration: An Institutional Interpretation1

We examine the institutions that comprise the U.S. health system and their relationship to a surging immigrant population. The clash between the system and this human flow originates in the large number of immigrants who are unauthorized, poor, and uninsured and, hence, unable to access a system largely based on ability to pay. Basic concepts from sociological theory are brought to bear on the analysis of this clash and its consequences. Data from a recently completed study of health institutions in three areas of the United States are used as an empirical basis to illustrate various aspects of this complex relation. Implications of our results for theory and future health policy are discussed.     

Wealth Holdings and Portfolio Allocation of the Elderly: The Role of Marital History

This paper investigates the role of marital history in terms of explaining differences in wealth holdings and portfolio allocation of older individuals by studying data from the first wave of Health and Retirement Study which was conducted in 1992. The results generally suggest that both men and women suffer from the negative shocks of past marital dissolutions in terms of household wealth accumulation. The significance level, however, differs across currently married couples, single males, and single females. The examination of the asset components of net worth also indicates that both the probability of owning a particular asset and the fraction of wealth allocated to that asset might vary depending on the elderly individuals’ marital history.

湘西土家族苗族自治州扶贫开发的历史反思

经过 2 0年的艰苦奋斗 ,湘西土家族苗族自治州的扶贫开发取得了显著成效 ,基本实现了预期的扶贫工作目标。但是 ,全州仍然有相当部分农村人口尚未解决温饱问题 ,扶贫任务还十分艰巨。本文从全国反贫困战略的角度 ,梳理了湘西州扶贫开发的基本过程 ,评述了扶贫开发的思路和举措 ,总结了 2 0年扶贫开发的基本经验 ,对于推动下一步的扶贫开发工作具有一定的启发作用。     

扶贫政策与农村贫困

农村贫困是当代中国农村的一个严峻的现实问题。为了减缓农村贫困,中国政府颁布了一系列的扶贫文件,实施了一系列的扶贫政策。本文考察了扶贫政策出台的背景,回顾了扶贫政策的历史,指出了扶贫政策中存在的问题。文章试图表明的是,要想真正减缓农村贫困,政府必须加大扶贫力度,改变现存扶贫政策中存在的诸多问题。      

数字经济的减贫效应研究

利用中国2011-2018年省份数据,构建面板回归模型和多重中介模型探讨数字经济的减贫效应及影响机理.研究发现:数字经济与农村贫困发生率存在显著负向关系,在考虑城镇化、经济增长等影响贫困因素的基础上,减贫效应依旧显著;数字经济的收入增长效应和收入分配效应显著,即数字经济可通过促进家庭增收和弱化收入差距的渠道影响贫困,但数据资源配置不均带来的数字鸿沟可能会扩大城乡收入差距,加大相对贫困的治理难度.     

人口老龄化的经济社会后果——基于多层面与多维度视角的分析

人口老龄化的加剧对中国社会形成了巨大冲击。文章利用宏微观数据,系统梳理了人口老龄化对中国经济社会与文化、社区治理和家庭福祉的影响。研究发现:随着持续近40年的人口红利逐渐消失,中国宏观经济增长、社会保障体系、文化形态和公共政策都发生了诸多改变;社区服务供给和社区治理的复杂性也日渐提高;家庭养老资源日益萎缩,护理员面临总量短缺和结构失衡,照护活动给照料者的身心健康带来负向溢出效应。尽管人口老龄化给社会带来了诸多改变,但应乐观、科学辨证地审视这一现象。积极应对人口老龄化,应从推动产业转型升级、完善为老服务体制机制、提升养老服务质量等方面入手,真正让老年人共享社会经济发展的成果。     

安徽省大别山区旅游扶贫效率时空格局演化及影响机理

采用DEA模型对安徽省大别山区旅游扶贫效率的综合测度影响因素分析可知:安徽省大别山区旅游扶贫效率处于中等偏低水平,呈现波动上升的趋势,主要受规模效率驱动;旅游扶贫规模效率和旅游扶贫综合效率的空间分异特征较为类似,均呈现出区域中间高南北低的分布,旅游扶贫纯技术效率高值区呈现出由区域北部和南部片状集中分布逐渐向四周不断分散分布的演化态势;投入规模、人力支持水平、可达性水平、信息化水平对大别山区旅游扶贫效率产生正向影响,且影响强弱呈现为信息化水平>人力支持>可达性水平>投入规模。     

中国农村贫困人口多维特征分析

利用中国综合社会调查（CGSS）数据,从个体的基本特征、家庭特征、社会特征和其他特征4个维度,采用二值Logit模型,考察这些特征变量对于农村人口陷入贫困可能性的影响;并进一步通过分位数回归模型比较分析这些特征变量对农村贫困人口和非贫困人口不同收入水平的影响。研究发现,在中国农村,具有以下几个典型特征的人群陷入贫困的可能性较大：老年人、受教育程度较低（自身、配偶或父母）、身体健康状况较差、少数民族、未婚状态、家庭抚养负担过重、无宗教信仰、没有非农工作、周工作时间较短、使用电视或互联网频率较低（这里理解为获取与农业生产和非农就业相关信息）。此外,比较分析结果表明,对于贫困人口和非贫困人口,不同维度下特征变量对收入水平影响的大小和方向存在较大差异。