Characterizing Environmental Harm: Developments in an Approach to Strategic Risk Assessment and Risk Management

Environmental policymakers and regulators are often in the position of having to prioritize their actions across a diverse range of environmental pressures to secure environmental protection and improvements. Information on environmental issues to inform this type of strategic analysis can be disparate; it may be too voluminous or even absent. Data on a range of issues are rarely presented in a common format that allows easy analysis and comparison. Nevertheless, judgments are required on the significance of various environmental pressures and on the inherent uncertainties to inform strategic assessments such as “state of the environment” reports. How can decisionmakers go about this type of strategic and comparative risk analysis? In an attempt to provide practical tools for the analysis of environmental risks at a strategic level, the Environment Agency of England and Wales has conducted a program of developmental research on strategic risk assessment since 1996. The tools developed under this program use the concept of “environmental harm” as a common metric, viewed from technical, social, and economic perspectives, to analyze impacts from a range of environmental pressures. Critical to an informed debate on the relative importance of these perspectives is an understanding and analysis of the various characteristics of harm (spatial and temporal extent, reversibility, latency, etc.) and of the social response to actual or potential environmental harm from a range of hazards. Recent developments in our approach, described herein, allow a presentation of the analysis in a structured fashion so as to better inform risk‐management decisions.     

和谐社会模式下的环境政策分析

环境是人类赖以生存的基本条件。在当今世界,新的环境危机使经济社会的可持续发展受到严重地制约。以我国建设和谐社会为契机,从环境问题与环境政策的关系入手,来分析我国环境政策的现状,提出,为实现人与自然之间的和谐发展人类所应该采取的3种正确态度。在综合分析的基础上, 提出了7条有助于在我国建设和谐社会的环境政策建议。     

Public relations in the United Arab Emirates: The emergence of a profession

This paper discusses the development of public relations in a fast growing emerging country, United Arab Emirates. The making of the public relations profession in UAE has been affected tremendously by the socio-economic, educational and cultural development of the country. Ministries and government administrations established their in-house public relations departments and sections to respond to the growing demands of their various publics. Journalism and Mass Communication departments launched PR programs to meet the growing needs of the job market with qualified practitioners. International public relations agencies chose Dubai as a base for their activities in the UAE and the region. The future of public relations in the UAE is very promising. Although it is facing some problems, public relations is the job of the future.     

土壤最大持水量与环境因子的关系

本文应用数量化理论Ⅰ方法,研究了土壤最大持水量与环境因子的相关关系。结果表明,影响土壤最大持水量的主导因子是坡向、地貌、土厚和部位。文中给出了土壤最大持水量的预测方程。     

满族家庭伦理道德教育

满族家庭伦理道德教育包括伦理道德与修身齐家两部分。伦理道德包括孝友、廉洁、仁义;修身齐家包括去恶行善、节俭、文明、谦恭、正直、坦诚。其结果是满族整体道德素质的提高。     

女神与女从——中国文学中女性伦理表现的两极性

在女性主义视阈下研究中国文学应注重其民族特色。儒家文化精神为主导的女性伦理,是中国女性历史上主体位置缺席的“元凶”。然而,儒家伦理之于女性又呈现二律背反现象。儒家伦理的妇德将女性置于“从属”地位,儒家伦理中的孝道在中国“母性崇拜”的历史文化背景中又将作为母亲的女性推到社会主体文化表述者位置。这形成中国女性处境不同于西方女子的特殊性与复杂性,也是中国古代文学“女神”般的母亲形象与处于男性附属地位的“女从”形象两极化表现的缘由。它导致中国女性在自我意识的觉醒、自我解放的自觉性方面整体地迟钝于西方女性。     

国家--社会视域中的传统民间伦理

在中国传统伦理文化中,不仅存在以正统教化伦理为代表的"大传统",而且还存在以民间伦理为代表的"小传统".后者作为植根于民间生活土壤中的民众不加矫饰的价值观念,更为真实地展示了民族伦理生活的生命律动.在国家与社会互动的格局中,民间伦理与正统教化伦理之间既矛盾对立又相生相长,构成了传统社会伦理生活的真实景观.     

论生态伦理及其内涵

有人认为生态伦理就是人际伦理的移用,就是把社会道德规范、原则简单移用到环境事务中来。这样来理解生态伦理是肤浅的,忽略了其质的规定性。其实,生态伦理就是指人类在关于自然环境、生态环境的实践活动中所形成的伦理关系及其调节原则,其内涵包括两个紧密联系的方面:首先,它表征的是一种客观的关系,即人与自然之间的道德关系;其次,它是用以调整相应的关系的积极手段,即生态道德。     

全球环境治理中的东亚智慧

环境危机已是关系到整个地球与全人类生死存亡的、迫在眉睫的危机。这场危机可以说是全球性的、人为的、严峻的、系统性的、难以逆转的。全球环境危机急需治理,必须重新发掘东亚智慧,更新发展观念,以新的现代化范式取代传统的现代化范式,走生态现代化与生态文明之路。建构新的东亚智慧,就要超越人类中心主义,超越无止境增长的渴望,超越工具理性与唯科学主义,超越征服自然、战胜自然的渴望,超越贪欲与利润的极端诉求。人类自觉归属自然、保护自然、珍惜自然、敬畏自然,以人文主义、道德修养、宗教信仰来为科学与市场划界立法,以家庭伦理、大地伦理超越把自然"资源"化的工具主义,以道德境界、天地境界超越功利主义与利己主义。遏制消费主义的扩张,提倡过一种简单的、有节制的、合乎自然节律的生活。