早期新文学作家创作旧体诗的时代与文化根源

早期新文学作家创作旧体诗的时代与文化根源主要表现在四个方面:对早期白话诗的不满、身世背景和早先经验的影响、传统的力量、年龄的增长和贵族情结.研究这一问题将有助于更全面地把握早期新文学作家的创作实绩、艺术成就和文化心理,从而在一定范围内还原现代文学丰富多元的原生形态.     

等号的历史与认知

小学生在学习中表现出对等号的认知困难，等号常被误用．在小学数学课堂教学中，追溯等号的历史，采取相应的教学策略，可以有效地促进小学生对于等号的认知．     

历史教学中我是怎样进行爱国主义教育的

爱国主义教育是教学内容的重要组成部分 ,贯穿整个学校教育管理的始终 ,所采取的教学方法关系到教学的效果 ,本文对历史教学中采用的几种方法进行了初步分析     

“Difficult,Messy, Nasty,and Sensational”

Feminist publishing played an important role in the feminist art movement of the 1970s and into the 1980s, and Heresies: A Feminist Publication on Art and Politics was a key journal in this landscape. This paper argues that Heresies is important not only because it was a forum for some of the most influential feminist art women of the period, but because it experimented with an editorial structure that required participants to reckon with the discomforts of difference. Editors of the periodical took seriously the feminist critique of hierarchically structured organizational cultures and both promoted and practiced collective publishing. Moreover, through an emphasis on editorial statements, I consider how Heresies gives expression to the affective entanglements of the women involved in Heresies' specific form of collaboration and collective feminist politics. An examination of the editorials as sites of affective intensity helps to come to an understanding not of what women were thinking, writing, and making, but how they may have felt about their work and their relationships with women with whom they worked.     

Environmental Barriers and Housing Accessibility Problems Over a One-Year Period in Later Life in Three European Countries

Abstract

The objective of this study was to describe environmental barriers and investigate the nature of accessibility problems in housing among single-living, very old people (N = 1,150) in urban regions in three European countries (Sweden, Germany, Latvia), in a one-year perspective. A specific feature of this study is the explicit conceptual differentiation between environmental barriers and accessibility problems, underlying the presentation of the following results: Environmental barriers were very common, and in all three national samples the 20 most prevalent environmental barriers were found in 77–98% of all dwellings investigated. The magnitudes of accessibility problems were similar among the three samples and did not change over one year, while differences were indicated in the types of environmental barriers generating accessibility problems.     

Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Exposure-Response Relationships in Epidemiologic Studies

Demonstration of a dose-response relationship for environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is an important indication of causality. Central to the analysis and interpretation of dose-response relations as described in epidemiological studies is the relationship between dose and exposure. It must be recognized that in studies of ETS we have only surrogate measures of dose, and these surrogate measures (based on exposure) are imperfect. The question-based measures of ETS exposure generally have not been standardized, may have limited validity and reliability, and cannot comprehensively describe total ETS exposure, exposure to individual ETS components, nor doses of biologically relevant agents at target sites. Nevertheless, useful data have been yielded in epidemiologic studies linking ETS exposure to increased respiratory infection and symptoms, reduced lung growth in children, and increased lung cancer in nonsmoking adults. The more consistent exposure-response data for studies on acute health in children may reflect the greater difficulty in measuring exposure in studies of chronic health in adults.     

当前文艺批评中的历史虚无主义倾向

在刚刚逝去的上一世纪末和当下的文坛上 .文艺批评中的历史虚无主义倾向竟成为某些人称颂的“亮点”和效仿的“时髦”。它主要表现在对中国 2 0世纪文艺发展的总结和反思上 ,更表现在对一些大师作家及文学成就的揶揄与贬损上。文章在对一个时期以来文艺批评中的历史虚无主义倾向进行扫描和梳理之后 ,还对其进行了“学理”透析 ,认为 ,当前有些文艺批评中的历史虚无主义倾向是以理想取消现实 ,是英雄史观的重新抬头 ,在某种程度上是极左的非此即彼这种形而上学的思维方式在特定历史条件下的延续 ,是历史虚无主义思潮在文艺领域内的典型反映 ,应彻底摒弃之     

先秦诸子论礼与法(下)

法家以重“法”而称于世。梁启超说:“其发生甚早或竟在儒家前”,其确立则在儒墨道之后[1]（p78）。春秋至于战国,其代表人物多直接参与政治,为相于各诸侯国,如管仲、子产、李悝、吴起、申不害、商鞅等。而立言者则有慎到、韩非,又“《管     

当代文学史写作的价值之惑

当代文学史写作面临的最大困难是价值标准的确立。目前出版的两部有影响的文学史分别代表了学术界两种不同的文学史观和价值立场。有人认为文学史应当采取一种客观、冷静、中性的立场,尽量"还原历史情景"而不作价值判断。但是,文学研究的性质不仅要求文学史写作者不能仅仅停留在对于历史事实的描述,而且要求研究者发挥自己的主体能动作用,对文学现象和作品作出价值评判,因此,只有站在人文主义的价值立场,才能发现以往文学史所不能发现的优秀作品,才能找到文学作品潜在的意义与价值。     

应充分认识刘锦棠在中国近代史上的地位

刘锦棠在歼灭阿古柏殖民侵略集团和收复新疆战争中立下了不朽功勋.在这次战争中,他是战场上的全权总指挥、扮演了主演的角色;同时他参与制定战略方针,代左宗棠在新疆指挥全局,又扮演了导演的角色.但是,在历史上,他没得到相应的地位和评价.究其原因,既有左宗棠对他的"裁抑",又有社会、历史、经济等原因.应给予刘锦棠公正的评价和历史定位.