Migration Policies and Political Cultures in Europe: A Changing Trend

This paper discusses the relationships between the migratory policies of the EU countries with more experience of immigration and their national political cultures. It focuses on France, Germany and the United Kingdom. It then looks at Italy, a relatively new country of immigration, which, with 3,000,000 legal immigrants, has become the fourth country of immigration in Europe and the first in the Mediterranean basin. In its final part it highlights the incipient process of ‘communitarisation’ of the immigration policies of EU countries in the last decade. This process, which has already entailed a significant convergence of their migratory policies, is expected to continue after the recent enlargement of the European Union.     

Talking about money: public participation and expert knowledge in the Euro referendum

This paper uses the proposed UK referendum on the single European currency as a means of investigating the effect of democratizing science on the scrutiny of conflicting expert advice. Although the referendum has not happened yet, and may not happen at all, the campaigners for and against the Euro have none the less been working for several years to ensure that if, and when, it does happen they are in a position to win it. By exploring how campaigners on both sides of the debate understand the concerns of voters, the paper shows how they are working towards a referendum in which the political dimensions of the Euro are actively minimized in order to avoid alienating key 'floating voters'. Instead, the campaign is expected to focus on the economic costs and benefits of the Euro for individuals and households, with only limited discussion of issues relating to sovereignty. Whether or not the campaign groups, particularly those that oppose the Euro, can maintain this line remains to be seen but if there is a full and frank public debate about the economic, social and political stakes, then this will be despite the referendum rather than because of it.     

Linguistic affinity and achieved geographic mobility: evidence from the recognition of non-national social work qualifications in Ireland and the UK1

This article presents statistics from the national authorities of two EU countries responsible for the recognition of non-national social work qualifications: Ireland and the United Kingdom. This material is drawn upon in an attempt to identify the role of linguistic affinity in relation to the geographic mobility of social work graduates.     

Regulations, policies and practices concerning work stress in five European countries

A comparative inventory of regulations, policies and practices in The Netherlands, Sweden, UK, Germany and France with regard to the prevention of work stress was carried out. In each country data were collected by means of interviews with key informants and through exploring relevant documents and literature. It was found that Sweden, The Netherlands and the UK—those countries with framework legislation in the field of health and safety—recognize stress as an important health and safety topic, whereas Germany and France do not yet recognize stress as an important policy issue. However, even in the first group of countries less attention is being paid towards psychosocial work characteristics when compared with traditional health and safety issues, such as noise, machine safety and toxic agents. There is a clear lack of well-documented (national) 'examples of good preventive practice', even in Sweden and The Netherlands. Recommendations are being formulated concerning type of legislation, guidance and information, monitoring and risk assessment, costs and benefits, examples of good practice and European networking.     

Fielding supranationalism: the European Central Bank as a field effect

The European Central Bank (ECB), like all European institutions, poses basic problems of definition and comparability. Mobilizing Bourdieusian field theory (BFT) to resolve them, we map out the ECB's deep investments in scientific prestige and scholarly productivity – that is, its hyper-scientization – and the ambiguities therein, and then set out to explain them. Mobilizing diverse sources that include official documents, on-site interviews, and comparative data, we argue that hyper-scientization is a field effect expressing the ECB's origins and cross-location in three worlds: financial institutions, professional economics, and European politics. We then trace out the signs and symptoms of cross-location. First, we trace the origins of the ECB's directorate for research, DGR, which differentiated the ECB from most other European central banks at the time of its founding. Thus invested, the ECB accelerated its scholarly activities in step with the internationalization and scientization of economics. But this also expressed the ECB's stake in European authority struggles: research exchanges are a means of building relationships with national central banks, which was especially crucial in the lead-up to the European Union's (EU) 2004 enlargement. We thus argue that there is more to the ECB than its independence and policy operations, and that some of its most striking features are best explained as effects of its multiple field locations.     

Refugee children in Europe on the eve of World War II

In the summer of 1939, on the eve of World War II, Children’s Bureau social workers Elsa Castendyck visited four European countries to investigate the care of refugee children. Her report was published in the Social Service Review in December, after the German invasion of Poland and the declaration of war by France and Great Britain, and is reprinted here.     

Research on Later Greek Philosophy in Chinese Academic Circles

近年来中国学者在晚期希腊哲学研究领域中取得重要进展。本文以欧美学界的研 究近况为参照, 探讨中外晚期希腊哲学研究之差别与差距。作者认为:在晚期希腊哲 学的边界问题上, 中国学者经过长期探索, 形成了自己有别于欧美学者的独立见解, 提出了自己的解决方案;在对晚期希腊哲学特征的把握上, 中国学者的判断优于欧美 学者的判断;在晚期希腊哲学的史料工作上, 中国学者有明显的不足; 在晚期希腊哲 学的研究方法上, 中外学者已经明显地趋同。

关键词:晚期希腊哲学 晚期希腊哲学边界 晚期希腊哲学特征 晚期希腊哲学的研 究方法 中国学术界 欧美学界

In recent years, Chinese scholars have made important progress in research on later Greek philosophy. Using current European and American work as a reference point, this article explores the differences and gaps between foreign and Chinese scholars in this field of research. The author believes that on the question of the boundaries of later Greek philosophy, Chinese scholars have, through long years of exploration, come up with independent opinions and solutions that differ from those of their European and American counterparts, and that they have a better grasp of the distinctive features of later Greek philosophy. Their work, however, clearly falls short with regard to historical source material. As far as methodology is concerned, there is a clear tendency towards convergence between Chinese scholars and their foreign colleagues.     

近代岭东学者杨毓辉、杨史彬的洋务思想

１８９０年前后,在新式学校──上海格致书院里,有两位令人瞩目的岭东潮州 大埔籍青年学者杨毓辉、杨史彬。他们提出中西兼学,发展工商、振兴土货、以收利权; 设立议院以通下情;去秽政、除厘捐、以便商民;仿西法、设善堂、实行社会救济等洋务 思想。值得加以评价、研究。     

Attitudes towards European Monetary Union in Greece: Antecedents, strength and consequences

The objective of the present study was twofold: First, to examine Greek people's attitudes towards European Monetary Union (EMU) and to explore the antecedents, strength and consequences of these attitudes on intentions to support or oppose the single European currency. Second, and from a more theoretical perspective, to investigate the structure of attitude strength and the effects of strength dimensions on attitude–intention consistency. A total of 644 Greek citizens participated in the study. The findings indicate that Greeks are fairly supportive of the monetary union and are quite optimistic about its consequences. The anticipated outcomes of EMU for Greece and for Europe were found to be significant determinants of attitudes. In addition, attitudes were determined by the strength of national identity and by the more general attitudes towards the membership of Greece in the European Union. On the whole, attitudes were fairly strong and had a substantial relation with intentions. Attitude strength was found to consist of three dimensions: Embeddedness, Conviction and Internal Consistency. Only Conviction and Internal Consistency were found to have a significant moderating effect on the attitude–intention relation. Further, the moderating effect of these factors was interactive, in that either high Conviction or high Internal Consistency sufficed to make an attitude influential.     

European System of Accounts: The French Case

The 1995 European System of Accounts (1995 ESA), an adapted version of the United Nations System of National Accounts (1993 SNA), will be applied in most European countries. This research note shows that the empirical knowledge of the nonprofit sector is not improved in this change. We first review the treatment of the nonprofit organizations in 1968 SNA, and then discuss the 1993 SNA and 1995 ESA approaches, which do not clear up many conceptual difficulties. The classification of the private nonprofit institutions serving households by the French statistical office is also presented and criticized. A way forward through the use of a satellite account system is proposed.