Physiologically Based Liver Modeling and Risk Assessment

Because of the inherent complexity of biological systems, there is often a choice between a number of apparently equally applicable physiologically based models to describe uptake and metabolism processes in toxicology or risk assessment. These models may fit the particular data sets of interest equally well, but may give quite different parameter estimates or predictions under different (extrapolated) conditions. Such competing models can be discriminated by a number of methods, including potential refutation by means of strategic experiments, and their ability to suitably incorporate all relevant physiological processes. For illustration, three currently used models for steady-state hepatic elimination--the venous equilibration model, the parallel tube model, and the distributed sinusoidal perfusion model--are reviewed and compared with particular reference to their application in the area of risk assessment. The ability of each of the models to describe and incorporate such physiological processes as protein binding, precursor-metabolite relations and hepatic zones of elimination, capillary recruitment, capillary heterogeneity, and intrahepatic shunting is discussed. Differences between the models in hepatic parameter estimation, extrapolation to different conditions, and interspecies scaling are discussed, and criteria for choosing one model over the others are presented. In this case, the distributed model provides the most general framework for describing physiological processes taking place in the liver, and has so far not been experimentally refuted, as have the other two models. These simpler models may, however, provide useful bounds on parameter estimates and on extrapolations and risk assessments.     

语用失误对英语教学的启示

本文以JennyThomas的理论为依据,针对日常英语交际中经常出现的语用失误,进行了分析调查,阐明了语用失误的主要原因,研究出了一些对英语教学非常有用的方法,提出了在日常英语教学中怎样培养学生的语用能力的一些建议。     

从第二语言教学谈语言教学与文化的关系

汉外文化差异会直接影响对外汉语教学效果,因此语言教学必须与文化教学紧密结合,不可分割,否则会影响交际,甚至引起文化冲突。本文以汉俄两种语言对比为例,论述了汉外文化差异及其将文化导入语言教学的方法。     

夏夷文野之分与华夏中心意识

华夏中心意识使夏夷文野之分成为夏夷之辨的主流观念。夏夷文野之分又因民族矛盾和中外文化冲突而出现两种极端保守的表述形式———夏夷人禽之别和以地之中外划分夏夷的主张。对中华民族的历史进程而言 ,夏夷文野之分与华夏中心意识具有正反两方面的影响 ,而且随着时间的推移 ,其负面影响日益凸现。     

Bayesian analysis of directed graphs data with applications to social networks

Summary.  A fully Bayesian analysis of directed graphs, with particular emphasis on applica- tions in social networks, is explored. The model is capable of incorporating the effects of covariates, within and between block ties and multiple responses. Inference is straightforward by using software that is based on Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. Examples are provided which highlight the variety of data sets that can be entertained and the ease with which they can be analysed.     

英汉习语文化差异与翻译

成语、谚语、习语是语言不可分割的重要组成部分,是语言中的精华,具有极其丰富的文化底蕴。中西方在不同的文化背景下,民族传统、生活方式以及思维方式等都有着诸多差异,这些文化差异导致了中西方各自成语、谚语、习语的形成、使用与发展。英汉成语、谚语、习语分别记录了不同民族的历史,反映了不同民族的经济生活,透视了不同民族的文化心态,思维方式。针对中西方习语的文化差异与翻译技巧的阐述,旨在更好地把握两种语言的特点,增强处理语言尤其是习语的能力。     

New imperfect rankings models for ranked set sampling

Ranked set sampling is a sampling approach that leads to improved statistical inference in situations where the units to be sampled can be ranked relative to each other prior to formal measurement. This ranking may be done either by subjective judgment or according to an auxiliary variable, and it need not be completely accurate. In fact, results in the literature have shown that no matter how poor the quality of the ranking, procedures based on ranked set sampling tend to be at least as efficient as procedures based on simple random sampling. However, efforts to quantify the gains in efficiency for ranked set sampling procedures have been hampered by a shortage of available models for imperfect rankings. In this paper, we introduce a new class of models for imperfect rankings, and we provide a rigorous proof that essentially any reasonable model for imperfect rankings is a limit of models in this class. We then describe a specific, easily applied method for selecting an appropriate imperfect rankings model from the class.     

论商标翻译的跨文化意识

商标翻译涉及到民族文化、地域文化及他国消费心理等诸多因素。它是一种跨文化翻译。译者应具有很强的跨文化意识。本文从文化的角度，探讨商标翻译。认为商标翻译必须充分考虑文化差异，努力跨越文化鸿沟；必须熟知外国语言习俗，力避他国禁忌。     

D-efficient window experimental designs

In the paper we present a new method of calculating sampling intervals, so-called windows, allowing an experimenter some flexibility in timing the sample collection, while a minimum required design efficiency for parameter estimation is assured. The method is based on the Equivalence Theorem for D-optimality what makes the length of each window related to the parameter sensitivities. An example of calculating the windows in a pharmacokinetic study is presented. Some other methods of calculating efficient sampling windows are briefly discussed.     

我国公民权保障的城乡差异

一国公民权保障不仅要在其宪法、法律条文上得以体现,而且尤为重要的是要对其实现提供各种保障机制。立法上的规定,只是一种纸上的承诺,它并不意味着公民权的自动保护。权利的真实享有和行使有赖于权利主体之实际地位和实际能力。我国现阶段城乡差距已成为一个非常严重的问题,它不仅影响了经济的可持续发展,而且也使得权利主体由于经济落后、资源短缺而造成权利实际享有的不平等,导致在现实中我国公民权保障呈现出一种城乡“差序格局”状态。