基于GIS和RS的哈尔滨淹没经济损失风险评估

基于地理信息系统GIS技术构建数字高程模型,采用平面模拟方法参照120.89 m水位对哈尔滨市淹没风险预测,运用地理信息系统GIS与遥感RS技术相结合的方法获取了哈尔滨市区土地利用现状空间分布信息,并用其将社会经济信息进行空间展布,对淹没区产业类型分布图和淹没深度进行矢量叠加分析,并依据经济信息进行淹没经济损失风险评估。评估结果显示,淹没经济风险最高的区域主要分布在道里区和道外区,其次为松北区、呼兰区和香坊区。     

基于文献计量分析法的中国生态脆弱性研究进展

以中国期刊全文数据库、中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库和中国博士学位论文全文数据库为文献检索来源,以生态脆弱性和GIS为检索词,对1980～2010年的文章进行了检索与分类统计,从数量、区域、内容、方法上对我国生态脆弱性研究进展进行分析。结果表明:期刊总论文259篇,其中核心期刊论文占44%;从1993年开始,相关期刊论文和硕博论文总体上呈逐渐上升趋势;2000年之后,我国生态脆弱性研究成为研究热点;从区域上分析,早期西南石灰岩山地生态脆弱区和华北平原生态脆弱区,北方半干旱-干旱生态脆弱区和西北半干旱生态脆弱区研究较多;后期南方丘陵生态脆弱区研究发展较快;从内容上分析,实证研究多于理论研究;从方法上分析,早期多以县域为数据单元,2000年之后开始出现栅格法地理信息系统技术,2005年起数量逐年增多。目前,从景观的角度探讨生态脆弱性的研究比较少,还没实现脆弱性的三维可视化表达。     

Proximity (Mis)perception: Public Awareness of Nuclear,Refinery, and Fracking Sites

Whether on grounds of perceived safety, aesthetics, or overall quality of life, residents may wish to be aware of nearby energy sites such as nuclear reactors, refineries, and fracking wells. Yet people are not always accurate in their impressions of proximity. Indeed, our data show that only 54% of Americans living within 25 miles of a nuclear site say they do, and even fewer fracking-proximal (30%) and refinery-proximal (24%) residents respond accurately. In this article, we analyze factors that could either help people form more accurate perceptions or distort their impressions of proximity. We evaluate these hypotheses using a large national survey sample and corresponding geographic information system (GIS) data. Results show that among those living in close proximity to energy sites, those who perceive greater risk are less likely to report living nearby. Conversely, social contact with employees of these industries increases perceived proximity regardless of actual distance. These relationships are consistent across each site type we examine. Other potential factors—such as local news use—may play a role in proximity perception on a case-by-case basis. Our findings are an important step toward a more generalizable understanding of how the public forms perceptions of proximity to risk sites, showing multiple potential mechanisms of bias.     

地方志:GIS的最佳数据源

作为地理信息系统的CIS,其关键要素之一是数据源及数据.在信息时代的今天,中国特有的地方志因其地域性、客观性、资料性和综合性的特点而成为可贵的信息资源.尤其是在GIS得以广泛应用的当今信息社会,地方志资料作为其广义数据源,更加显示出其所独具的资源丰富优势、古今纵览优势和信息相关优势.开发地方志资源,使其成为GIS广义数据源,将会使地理信息系统的功能更加强大,应用更加广泛,从而促进经济建设.     

城市人居环境评价的综述与展望

文章回顾了国内外人居环境评价的历程,着重阐述并分析了国内外人居环境的评价指标体系、评价内容、城市因子选择、评价适用性、评价思想等方面,并提出未来人居环境评价应特别注重区域性、引入人地和谐——环境友好观点、加强多学科的耦合及GIS的应用等。     

基于XML的GIS应用模型定义描述语言GBMDL

模型描述语言MDL是不同形式的模型之间交互的基础,目前在MS/OR与DSS领域定义了大量的模型描述语言,但是由于这些语言针对非空间模型设计,使得描述空间模型较为困难,同时由于各种定义语言难于交互,限制了模型之间的转换与集成应用.本文基于XML Schema定义了GIS应用模型定义描述语言GBMDL.首先定义了应用模型的4层描述框架,给出了GBMDL应用模型定义的完整的BNF描述,然后给出了应用模型定义描述语言GBMDL的设计过程,最后以小流域地貌演化模型MCGEM为例,给出了基于GBMDL的小流域演化模型MCGEM定义描述实例.     

A multi-objective geographic information system for route selection of nuclear waste transport

Nuclear power is widely used throughout the world today. Functioning nuclear power plants produce large quantities of radioactive wastes needing to be transported to safe sites for proper management. With public emphasis on environmental protection and concern for safe transport of nuclear wastes, the problem of selecting an appropriate route for transporting nuclear wastes is a vitally important issue. The aforementioned route selection problem involves conflicting objectives among interested parties; therefore, we develop a multi-objective geographic information system (GIS) with ESRI ArcView GIS 3.x interface to practically support the involved parties for such a multi-objective route selection problem in engineering practices.     

Strengthening urban community governance through geographical information systems and participation: An evaluation of my Google Map and service coordination

It is increasingly common for urban planners and local policymakers to adopt interactive technologies, such as geographical information systems (GISs), to inform their decision making and to enhance performance. This paper aimed to assess the role that interactive technology can play in enhancing urban governance to meet social needs by improving local organisations’ capacities, client access, and service effectiveness and responsiveness, as well as community building. Using the previous research framework on mapping community capacity developed by Brudney et al. (Community Development Journal, 2016, 52, 354) and Çöltekin et al. (Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 2009, 36, 5–17), we examined a simulated online interactive map for service provision in Hong Kong and interviewed around 20 local community organisations and 100 local residents about their user experience, their willingness to support its long-term adoption and their challenges. Our findings reveal that local residents find the interactive map helpful, particularly in improving service access, whereas local organisations are more reluctant to adopt such technology due to high maintenance costs. The implications of our study include the need to develop incentives to encourage technology adoption, to improve the capacity of local organisations and to establish better links between community organisations and local residents to identify sustainable financing (through crowdsourcing) for GIS applications to improve urban community governance.     

Using GIS to enhance programs serving emancipated youth leaving foster care

This article describes a GIS prototype designed to assist with the identification and evaluation of housing that is affordable, safe, and effective in supporting the educational goals and parental status of youth transitioning from foster care following emancipation. Spatial analysis was used to identify rental properties based on three inclusion criteria (affordability, proximity to public transportation, and proximity to grocery stores), three exclusion criteria (areas of high crime, prostitution, and sexual predator residence), and three suitability criteria (proximity to health care, mental health care, and youth serving organizations). The results were applied to four different scenarios to test the utility of the model. Of the 145 affordable rental properties, 27 met the criteria for safe and effective housing. Of these, 19 were located near bus routes with direct service to post-secondary education or vocational training programs. Only 6 were considered appropriate to meet the needs of youth who had children of their own. These outcomes highlight the complexities faced by youth when they attempt to find affordable and suitable housing following emancipation. The LEASE prototype demonstrates that spatial analysis can be a useful tool to assist with planning services for youth making the transition to independent living.     

Alcohol outlets,social disorganization,and robberies: Accounting for neighborhood characteristics and alcohol outlet types

We estimated spatially lagged regression and spatial regime models to determine if the variation in total, on-premise, and off-premise alcohol outlet¹ density is related to robbery density, while controlling for direct and moderating effects of social disorganization.² Results suggest that the relationship between alcohol outlet density and robbery density is sensitive to the measurement of social disorganization levels. Total alcohol outlet density and off-premise alcohol outlet density were significantly associated with robbery density when social disorganization variables were included separately in the models. However, when social disorganization levels were captured as a four item index, only the association between off-premise alcohol outlets and robbery density remained significant. More work is warranted in identifying the role of off-premise alcohol outlets and their characteristics in robbery incidents.