Structural and Contextual Factors Regarding the Accessibility of Elective Office for Women of Color at the Local Level

Different from the majority of past research on gender gaps in political officeholding, we adopt an intersectionality framework and move beyond traditional individual factors to explore what implications certain elements in the political opportunity structure may have for women and men of color elected officials serving in county, municipal, and local school board offices. We argue that structural and contextual factors, such as type of institutions, election systems, and jurisdictional racial makeup, may influence the calculations women of color make concerning the accessibility of elective office. Using data from the Gender and Multiracial Leadership (GMCL) project, we find county offices to be the least, and seats on school boards the most, accessible to women of color. Of the types of electoral arrangements, we find multimember districts (MMD) to be the most significant variable predicting the likelihood of women of color in office. Although both Black and Latina women benefit from having a significant share of coethnics or nonwhites in jurisdictions, the two groups of women have an opposite relationship to their racial constituent makeup than that held by their male counterparts.     

Collective Bargaining and the Gender Pay Gap in the Printing Industry

This paper considers the effect of collective bargaining on the gender pay gap in the printing industry. This sector was subject to multi‐employer bargaining for around 90 years, until 2010. The article analyses gendered collective bargaining processes through the mechanism of symbolic power, that is, the power of interpretation and definition, and utilizes Walton and McKersie's seminal work on bargaining behaviour to understand the processes that have prevented the closing of the pay gap. It finds that symbolic power operates within the sub‐processes of attitudinal structuring and intra‐organizational bargaining to de‐legitimize women's role in equal pay bargaining, alongside distributive bargaining tactics that preclude equal pay bargaining, thereby creating the impression that women are irrelevant to bargaining processes and ensuring relative invisibility for issues of importance to equality bargaining.     

外商直接投资对广东地区收入差距的影响探析

外商直接投资（FDI）是区域经济增长的重要动力。FDI区域分布差异,是造成区域收入差距悬殊的重要原因之一。文章经验和实证分析相结合,深入探讨了FDI与广东区域经济发展和收入差距扩大的互动,认为FDI区域分布失衡是造成广东区域经济发展和收入差距扩大的重要原因。新形势下,广东要实现区域经济协调发展,有效解决区域发展和收入差距悬殊问题,须加快发达地区外资劳动密集型企业升级转型和欠发达地区的招商引资步伐,实现外商投资的均衡布局和优化发展。     

劳动力流动的人力资本障碍——解释流动与收入差距同时扩大的悖论

随着信息经济的迅猛发展,发展中国家明显存在三元经济结构。与二元经济条件下的劳动力流动的条件不同,在三元经济结构中,人力资本起决定作用。在三元经济模型中,我国农村剩余劳动力无限供给条件下,农村劳动力的流动一方面促进了我国城市化发展,但另一方面,由于人力资本障碍等原因,造成我国城乡收入差距进一步扩大。在此背景下,缩小我国城乡收入差距,必须采取新的对策措施。     

基于凸度缺口模型的商业银行利率风险最优控制及其应用

对商业银行利率风险的管理和控制,传统的久期模型仅适用于利率变化较小和利率期限结构平移条件下的线性近似估计,否则就需要运用凸度进行调整。根据Markowitz现代组合投资理论,构造一个目标规划模型,通过合理确定其中决策变量的值,使商业银行在决策期末满足最小化利率风险和银行资产负债组合的凸度为非负的条件下收益最大化。计算实例表明,凸度缺口模型对于给定的初始值和约束条件,可以较好地减少利率风险的暴露头寸和提高收益;同时,利率风险较大时凸度缺口模型比久期缺口模型更好地减少风险暴露,鲁棒性(robustness)更强。     

确认人的价值——毕淑敏都市小说的人文关怀

以人文精神为切入视角,从思想观念、价值标准和道德情操三方面剖析毕淑敏都市小说创作中人的价值观念变化,从而解读毕淑敏关注个体生命价值、开拓人性文化中人文关怀新局面的责任感和使命感。     

性别视角下的农村丧偶独居老人生存状态研究——以吉林省东丰县某村为例

通过对吉林省东丰县横道村99例老人的问卷调查以及7例丧偶独居老人的个案访谈,从性别角度对农村丧偶独居老人的生存状态进行了分析,研究发现：老年女性的贫困化程度较男性高、生活适应性更差,老年男性的心理适应性较差。据此提出了应从政策、社团组织等四个方面改善农村独居老人生存状态的建议。     

产品机会缺口分析

产品机会缺口分析作为新产品开发中研究用户需求的一种方式,它所要扮演的角色是在社会新趋势下发现现有产品的不足和产品使用者的潜在需求,从中找出产品的创新、改进空间,并以此来引导新产品的开发。社会趋势发生改变,用户对产品的评价标准会有所不同,产品角色也会发生相应的转变。当现有产品所能满足的与用户的新需求之间出现空缺时,就会出现产品的机会缺口。文章通过当前产品的情感价值需求这个机会缺口的分析来说明之。     

Visibility and denial: accounts of sexual violence in race- and gender-specific magazines

Prior research on media representations of race, gender, and sexual violence has established that media emphasize women’s role in preventing their own victimization and omit Black women as victims. This study uses feminist intersectionality to build on prior research by investigating not only how social groups are portrayed, but whether and how the intended audience matters for media representations. Specifically, who are the portrayed victims of sexual violence, and how is fear of sexual violence communicated to different audiences? Content analysis of articles in race- and gender-specific magazines shows two key mechanisms of representation through which racism and sexism work together: visibility and denial. Results show that White women are hypervisible as victims while Black women as victims are relatively invisible compared to Black men’s persecution and Black children’s victimization; men’s magazines deny the importance of sexual violence as a problem, focusing on false accusations and convictions. These narratives go largely unchallenged regardless of the source’s intended audience, demonstrating that portrayals of sexual violence are both gendered and racialized across multiple media sources.     

基于职业性别隔离的女性就业创业问题研究--以成都市为例

女性就业是女性发展的基本内容,是女性获得经济独立并赢得社会性别平等的重要渠道。城镇居民就业普遍存在职业性别隔离且在水平与垂直方向均有所表现,女性职业（行业）普遍收入偏低,大量女性沉淀在职级较低岗位。文章以第六次人口普查数据为基础,统计了成都市30个服务行业与30个制造行业女性劳动力占所在行业的比例和女性就业结构构成,结合成都市人力资源市场岗位供给与求职需求分析,提出女性就业创业引导方向。