受教育程度与城镇居民收入不平等—基于基尼系数的分解研究

基于2008年中国综合社会调查的数据,本文运用基尼系数分解的方法研究城镇居民受教育程度对收入不平等的影响。基于回归的不平等分解研究发现受教育程度是导致城镇居民职业收入不平等的最主要因素。对基尼系数的亚组分解研究发现受教育程度不同的人群之闻的收入不平等对总体收入不平等的贡献率为8.65％,城镇居民职业收入不平等主要表现为各个受教育程度人群内部的收入不平等。分地区来看,中西部地区受教育程度较低的人群其组内差距的贡献率要远高于东部地区。实证研究的结果表明,提供平等的受教育机会、缩小受教育程度的不平等、加大对中西部地区义务教育的投入可以有效缩小收入不平等。     

A hierarchy of lorenz curves based on the generalized tukey's lambda distribution

A hierarchy of Lorenz curves based on the generalized Tukey's Lambda distribution is proposed. Representations of the corresponding distribution and density function are also provided, together with popular inequality measures. Estimation methods are suggested. Finally, a comparison with other parametric families of Lorenz curves is established.     

Confidence Intervals for Gini's Diversity Measure and Shannon's Entropy Using Adjusted Proportions

Abstract

Asymptotic confidence intervals are given for two functions of multinomial outcome probabilities: Gini's diversity measure and Shannon's entropy. “Adjusted” proportions are used in all asymptotic mean and variance formulas, along with a possible logarithmic transformation. Exact confidence coefficients are computed in some cases. Monte Carlo simulation is used in other cases to compare actual coverages to nominal ones. Some recommendations are made.     

论劳动力胀供给膨对宏观经济运行的不良影响

劳动力供给膨胀问题是一个严重的社会问题,劳动力供给膨胀对宏观经济的运行产生许多不良影响,集中体现在市场经济效率、社会财富分配、社会稳定三个方面。研究劳动力供给膨胀对一个国家构建和谐社会具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。     

互联网在中国人口中的普及状况及其不均衡程度分析

一、引言自1994年中国接入互联网以来,中国互联网用户(即网民,CNNIC将其定义为平均每周使用互联网至少1小时的中国公民)的数量增长迅猛。据中国互联网络信息中心(CNNIC)最新的调查结果显示[1]:截止到2004年12月31日,中国网民人数已达9 400万人,与2003年同期相比增长了18.24%,是     

经济增长、消费需求与收入分配

本文认为,保持旺盛的消费需求是经济长期稳定增长的根本保证,而居民收入差距过大,严重制约了消费需求的增长,从而成为经济增速减缓的一个重要原因。因此,缩小居民收入差距,刺漱消费需求,是国民经济长期稳定增长的必然要求。     

贫富差距问题的研究方法探讨

贫富差距不同于收入差距,不能仅仅依赖经济学方法,而要借助多学科方法,从多维视角观察和研究。中国的贫富差距,从总体上看是在不断扩大;从城镇居民之间、农村居民之间、城乡居民之间、地区之间四个维度的表现看存在明显差别,其核心是城乡差距和地区差距。用基尼系数方法来分析中国的贫富差距,并不完全适合中国国情,不能作为衡量问题的唯一尺度。     

Inequality measurement and the time structure of household income in Israel

The aim of this paper is to empirically evaluate the effect of the length of the accounting period on indices of inequality of household income in Israel. There are three main findings: (1) The analysis of the impact of the accounting period on the Gini index of inequality can be done in a way which is identical to analyzing the effect of the accounting period on the coefficient of variation; (2) changing the accounting period from one to three months decreases, on average, the Gini index of inequality by about 1.7%. Furthermore, the Gini index calculated from a three-month accounting period was 3.9%–4.1% higher than the index based on a 12-month period. The change in the accounting period from 12 months to three months accounts for 27% to 37% of the increase in inequality in the last two decades, depending on the type of income considered. (3) The above relationship is stable over the years but is sensitive to the definition of income.     

Lorenz non-consistent welfare and inequality measurement

Typical welfare and inequality measures are required to be Lorenz consistent which guarantees that inequality decreases and welfare increases as a result of a progressive transfer. We explore the implications for welfare and inequality measurement of substituting the weaker absolute differentials and deprivation quasi-orderings for the Lorenz quasi-ordering. Restricting attention to distributions of equal means, we show that the utilitarian model - the so-called expected utility model in the theory of risk - does not permit one to make a distinction between the views embedded in the differentials, deprivation and Lorenz quasi-orderings. In contrast it is possible within the dual model of M. Yaari (Econometrica 55 (1987), 99–115) to derive the restrictions to be placed on the weighting function which guarantee that the corresponding welfare orderings are consistent with the differentials and deprivation quasi-orderings respectively. Finally we drop the equal mean condition and indicate the implications of our approach for the absolute ethical inequality indices.     

基于灰色聚类的社会评价模型及省辖市的实证

根据"坚持以人为本,全面、协调、可持续发展"的科学发展观的内涵,根据人民生活质量,教育卫生等五个准则层构建了社会综合评价指标体系。利用三角白化权函数理论,建立了基于灰色聚类的社会综合评价模型,并采用辽宁省14个地区的截面数据进行了实证研究。本文的创新与特色一是通过将可观测的国民幸福指数纳入评价体系,反映了人们对自身生存和发展状况的感受和体验,改变了现有评价没有考虑人民幸福程度的缺点。二是通过人均可支配收入和最低生活保障线等可获得数据指标计算准基尼系数,间接反映了社会发展过程中的收入分配差距现象,解决了现阶段因辽宁省未统计基尼系数指标而无法对社会发展进行科学评价的问题。三是通过在灰色聚类评价模型中通过熵权法确定指标权重使权重结果客观并唯一,避免了主观赋权方法得出的因人而异的现象。四是运用灰色聚类模型对辽宁省各地区社会发展进行聚类评价,有效地揭示了辽宁省各地区社会发展的不平衡性特征。