我国社会保障基尼系数的讨论与估算

 内容提要：我国收入基尼系数的扩大已被大多数学者研究与认同,但基于收入“二次分配”的社会保障基尼系数的研究还十分欠缺。本文认为社会保障作为收入再分配的重要手段之一是对人均社会福利收入分配的补充与调整,在社会经济资源配置过程中起着重要作用。本文采用相对平均差的基尼系数方法对我国社会保障差异化程度进行离散型数据分析,发现我国社会保障基尼系数值较高,但总体上有缩小趋势;其中,主要表现在养老保险与其他社会保险项目发展的不平衡性与区域差异性,所以应进一步加强全民养老保险与医疗保险制度建设,促进工伤、失业保险制度的协同发展。建立全国统筹的社会保障制度,协调各社会保险项目的平衡发展关系对于缩小社会保险基尼系数有重要现实意义。     

投入产出视角下的中国全产业链研究

产业链的研究一直备受学界关注,诸多学者在理论及实践层面进行了广泛的研究。利用投入产出表具有清晰描述经济运行体系内各个产业之间货物或服务流向的特点、以及基尼系数描述平等性的特性,将两者有机结合,全面测度了中国42个产业的产业链延展性。研究表明:中国全产业的产业链延展性平均水平处于一般状态,各产业间的差异较大:第一产业及第二产业的大部分产业的产业链较短,且只在少数其他产业的产业链中占据重要地位;第三产业中的大部分产业则有较长的产业链,且在多数其他产业的产业链中占有重要地位。据此,提出了大力发展第三产业、及有效延伸第二产业产业链的政策建议。     

Trends of Income Inequality Among the Elderly in Korea

This study investigates the overall trend of inequality among the elderly in Korea and to examine what the most influential factor is for these changes. Although inequality among the elderly is far greater than it is for any other group, little attention has been given to how inequality changes over time. Used are data from the Urban Household Survey with five‐year intervals from 1986 to 2006. The results show that inequality within a cohort increases over time and that earnings and benefits from occupational retirement plans are the most influential factors on overall inequality changes. In addition, the impact of public transfers has gradually increased during the past twenty years. The results imply that our society needs to enact a social policy for lessening earnings inequality in the labor market and to increase public transfers for the elderly.     

Relationship between the weighted distributions and some inequality measures

In this paper, we study the relationships between the weighted distributions and the parent distributions in the context of Lorenz curve, Lorenz ordering and inequality measures. These relationships depend on the nature of the weight functions and give rise to interesting connections. The properties of weighted distributions for general weight functions are also investigated. It is shown how to derive and to determine characterizations related to Lorenz curve and other inequality measures for the cases weight functions are increasing or decreasing. Some of the results are applied for special cases of the weighted distributions. We represent the reliability measures of weighted distributions by the inequality measures to obtain some results. Length-biased and equilibrium distributions have been discussed as weighted distributions in the reliability context by concentration curves. We also review and extend the problem of stochastic orderings and aging classes under weighting. Finally, the relationships between the weighted distribution and transformations are discussed.     

资源环境约束下中国工业环境技术效率的地区差异及动态演变

本文通过构建环境污染综合指数来全面反映环境污染非期望产出,运用基于非径向、非角度包含非期望产出的DEA—SBM模型测算了资源环境约束下2001—2015年中国30个省份的工业环境技术效率,然后运用Dagum基尼系数及其子群分解方法、kernel 密度估计方法和空间Markov链对资源环境约束下中国工业环境技术效率的地区差异及其分布动态演变进行了实证分析。研究表明：资源环境约束下中国工业环境技术效率在地理空间上具有集聚特征,呈现“东高西低”非均衡的空间分布格局;中国工业环境技术效率水平在不断提高的同时,也呈现明显的两极分化的分布状态;资源环境约束下中国工业环境技术效率地区差异整体上呈现不断扩大趋势,地区间差异和超变密度是造成资源环境约束下中国工业环境技术效率地区差异的主要来源;中国工业环境技术效率分布的演变总体上受到邻域空间滞后类型的影响,但在传统粗放型的工业发展方式下,中国工业环境技术效率具有很强的路径依赖性,在时长1年内很难实现短期跨越式发展。最后,针对研究结论,提出相应的政策建议。     

Quantile based tests for exponentiality against DMRQ and NBUE alternatives

Quantile-based reliability analysis has received much attention recently. We propose new quantile-based tests for exponentiality against decreasing mean residual quantile function (DMRQ) and new better than used in expectation (NBUE) classes of alternatives. The exact null distribution of the test statistic is derived when the alternative class is DMRQ. The asymptotic properties of both the test statistics are studied. The performance of the proposed tests with other existing tests in the literature is evaluated through simulation study. Finally, we illustrate our test procedure using real data sets.     

U-Statistics based on spacings

In this paper, we investigate the asymptotic theory for U-statistics based on sample spacings, i.e. the gaps between successive observations. The usual asymptotic theory for U-statistics does not apply here because spacings are dependent variables. However, under the null hypothesis, the uniform spacings can be expressed as conditionally independent Exponential random variables. We exploit this idea to derive the relevant asymptotic theory both under the null hypothesis and under a sequence of close alternatives.The generalized Gini mean difference of the sample spacings is a prime example of a U-statistic of this type. We show that such a Gini spacings test is analogous to Rao's spacings test. We find the asymptotically locally most powerful test in this class, and it has the same efficacy as the Greenwood statistic.     

农村居民消费不平等的微观结构分析

提出了个体微观数据基尼系数的组群、要素统一分解式,并利用该分解式考察消费结构、区域结构和收入不平等对农村居民消费不平等的影响.采用了2009年福建省农村居民生活状况调查数据进行分析,得出结论:食品、衣着类消费的增长可以降低农村居民的消费不平等,其中谷物、薯类、食用油、蔬菜及制品、肉禽蛋奶及制品的消费增长对消费公平性的提高产生积极的作用;组内不平等在总体消费不平等中占80％以上,消费差异主要表现为内部的差异;农村居民的消费不平等受收入不平等影响显著.     

已知Gini相关系数对Copula函数上界的改进

如果已知Copula函数的某些信息,通常其Frechet-Hoeffding上下界则可以进一步收窄。R.B.Nelson分别在已知Kendall相关系数tau、Spearman相关系数rho、Blomqvist相关系数beta的条件下,给出了Copula函数的上下确界。鉴此,在给定Gini相关系数gamma的条件下,证明Copula函数的上界也可以进一步变窄,并给出上确界的表达式。     

中国城镇居民消费差距的动态演进及分类决定

论文将测量个人收入分配差距的基尼系数方法引入到城镇居民消费差距的测定中。采用1992-2008年我国城镇居民各收入分组的消费数据,计算了食品、衣着、家庭设备用品及服务、医疗保健、交通通讯、文教娱乐、居住七类消费分项指标的差距及其对总消费差距的贡献,并通过反事实方法模拟分析分项指标对总体消费差异的影响。研究发现:第一,城镇居民消费差距与收入差距保持同步的发展趋势,但消费基尼系数一般小于同期收入基尼系数;第二,尽管恩格尔系数的持续下降一直成为平抑居民消费差距的最重要因素,但其对总体差距的贡献程度呈逐步弱化态势;第三,交通通讯和文教娱乐消费,尤其是前者,已逐步成为影响居民总体消费差距的重要力量;第四,虽然居民家庭设备消费差距一直高居不下,但是其对总体消费差距影响程度呈现出逐步弱化趋向。