Bargaining within the Supply Chain and Its Implications in an Industry

Our main objective is to investigate the influence of the bargaining power within a chain on its industry. As a building block, we first discuss the implications of bargaining within a single chain by considering an asymmetric Nash bargaining over the wholesale price (BW). We show that both Manufacturer Stackelberg (MS) and vertical integration (VI) strategies are special cases of the BW contract. We then develop the Nash equilibrium in an industry with two supply chains that use BW. We identify the profit‐maximizing (coordinating) bargaining power within this industry. We show that when a chain is not monopolistic, VI does not coordinate the chain and that the MS contract, where the manufacturer has all the bargaining power, is coordinating when competition is intense. We find that the main determinant of the equilibrium in mature industries is to respond well to the actions of the competing chain rather than to directly maximize the profit of each chain. That is, the equilibrium does not necessarily maximize the profit of the entire industry. While a coordination of the industry could then increase the profitability of both chains, such a coordination is likely against antitrust law. Moreover, if one chain cannot change its actions, the other chain may unilaterally improve its profitability by deviating from the equilibrium. Our results lead to several predictions supported by empirical findings, such as that in competitive industries chains will work “close to” the MS contract.     

陌生人:布迪厄的生活轨迹与学术性情的发生

法国学者布迪厄的外省中下层的社会出身,为对布迪厄本人的祛魅解读提供了一个极好的参照视点。布迪厄的自视为陌生人的反体制性情,一方面为其批判性的反思社会学提供了巨大能量,另一方面也限制了其认知视角,使其看不到改变现实的希望。     

以民为本:中国共产党从革命到执政的实践基础

中国共产党的三代领导集体 ,经历了革命、执政、改革开放和社会主义市场经济的社会实践 ,在不同历史时期 ,牢记为人民服务的宗旨 ,赢得了人民的支持 ,也向人民交出了无愧于时代的出色答卷。新的世纪 ,我党仍面临严峻考验。但中外历史经验证明 ,只要以民为本 ,服务人民 ,就能使社会主义祖国走向繁荣、富强     

中国资本“走出去”的困境与出路

伴随着中国对外直接投资的规模和速度不断增长,涌现出一大批有一定实力的企业向海外扩张,“走出去”已经成为企业进一步提升竞争力的必由之路.然而,随之而来的诸多问题又导致了中国资本在“走出去”的过程中陷入困境.文章从发展研究的视角,基于坦桑尼亚某中资国有企业的田野调查,提出了海外国有企业在运营中面临的两大困境：一是经济效益与国家利益冲突的困境;二是解决劳资纠纷时,“找法院”与“找政府”的选择困境.并深入分析造成两大困境的主要原因,最后尝试提出一些解决对策,为企业和政府提供参考依据.     

日元对美元汇率的变化及其原因分析

自实行浮动汇率制到20世纪90年代上半期,日元持续升值,成为主要的世界货币之一。决定这一长期走势的基本原因是日元对美元购买力平价的提高。而经济实力的消长则是购买力平价提高的物质基础。20世纪90年代以来,日元对美元的购买力平价趋于稳定,从而结束了日元长期升值的趋势。在上述过程中,国家的宏观经济政策、国际间利率差别、跨国资本流动以及一些突发事件的影响成为汇率在短期内波动的直接原因。     

冷战后国际关系与美国外交政策

冷战结束以后国际政治发生的巨大变化是由苏联解体和国际权力结构的失衡所造成的。在失去了苏联的制衡之后,美国的行为越来越表现出肆意妄为和粗暴蛮横的特征。美国用先发制人战略取代威慑和遏制战略是错误的,布什政府的单边主义政策只能使美国在世界上越来越孤立。国际均势的恢复是一个漫长的过程,但是,国际体系的均势最终将会实现。     

A goodness of fit test for multilevel survival data

No satisfactory goodness of fit test is available for multilevel survival data which occur when survival data are clustered or hierarchical in nature. Hence the aim of this research is to develop a new goodness of fit test for multilevel survival data and to examine the properties of the newly developed test. Simulation studies were carried out to evaluate the type ? error and the power. The results showed that the type I error holds for every combination tested and that the test is powerful against the alternative hypothesis of nonproportional hazards for all combinations tested.     

Calculating the power or sample size for the logistic and proportional hazards models

An algorithm is presented for calculating the power for the logistic and proportional hazards models in which some of the covariates are discrete and the remainders are multivariate normal. The mean and covariance matrix of the multivariate normal covariates may depend on the discrete covariates.

The algorithm, which finds the power of the Wald test, uses the result that the information matrix can be calculated using univariate numerical integration even when there are several continuous covariates. The algorithm is checked using simulation and in certain situations gives more accurate results than current methods which are based on simple formulae. The algorithm is used to explore properties of these models, in particular, the power gain from a prognostic covariate in the analysis of a clinical trial or observational study. The methods can be extended to determine power for other generalized linear models.     

A computational investigation of conover's kolmogorov-smirnov test for discrete distributions

The tabled significance values of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit statistic determined for continuous underlying distributions are conservative for applications involving discrete underlying distributions. Conover (1972) proposed an efficient method for computing the exact significance level of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for discrete distributions; however, he warned against its use for large sample sizes because “the calculations become too difficult.”

In this work we explore the relationship between sample size and the computational effectiveness of Conover's formulas, where “computational effectiveness” is taken to mean the accuracy attained with a fixed precision of machine arithmetic. The nature of the difficulties in calculations is pointed out. It is indicated that, despite these difficulties, Conover's method of computing the Kolmogorov-Smirnov significance level for discrete distributions can still be a useful tool for a wide range of sample sizes.