环境“二维化”视角下的居民幸福感量化研究：来自中国CGSS数据的新证据

幸福不仅是影响人们行为的重要因素,更是人们生活追求的最终目标。本文基于中国综合社会调查（CGSS）数据,创新性地从环境“二维化”这一研究视角,将环境因素划分为两个维度,即客观存在的环境污染因素与居民主观的环境行为,采用优化的两阶段有序Probit回归模型,沿着“客观存在的环境污染因素——居民幸福感”和“居民幸福感——居民主观的环境行为”两条研究思路展开实证分析,在实证过程中引入控制变量及工具变量,同时对经济因素及地区因素可能导致的组群差异进行考量和比较。结果显示,无论是环境污染对居民幸福感,还是居民幸福感对居民环境行为,其影响均是显著的,且具有异质性;环境污染通过影响居民的身体健康、生活质量和社会活动对居民幸福感产生影响,而居民环境行为则因个体收入和居民幸福感程度的不同产生差异。本文对环境与居民幸福感之间的作用机制展开深入分析,为政府出台环境政策的制定、提升居民幸福感及居民环境行为贡献度奠定理论基础。     

中国企业对外直接投资的出口效应——基于企业异质性视角的经验研究

本文使用2000-2007年中国境外投资企业（机构）名录和中国工业企业数据库的匹配数据,从企业异质性视角出发,给出了对外直接投资影响商品出口的经验证据。研究发现,我国企业对外直接投资总体促进了出口,但促进作用在异质性视角下存在明显差异。具体而言：①对外直接投资显著促进了中间品和消费品出口,对资本品出口的影响不确定;②水平型对外直接投资对商品出口的促进作用强于垂直型对外直接投资对商品出口的促进作用;③水平型对外直接投资对中间品和消费品出口均有显著的促进作用,对资本品出口的影响不确定,垂直型对外直接投资对中间品、消费品和资本品出口的影响均不确定;④水平型对外直接投资对劳动密集型、资本密集型和技术密集型商品出口均有显著的促进作用,垂直型对外直接投资对资本密集型和技术密集型商品出口均有显著的促进作用,对劳动密集型商品出口的影响不确定;⑤企业生产效率的提升,一定程度抑制了垂直型对外直接投资对出口的促进作用。     

健康的同群效应及其机制研究

本文使用2015年中国综合调查数据对健康的同群效应以及影响机制进行了检验。分析结果显示:(1)社区平均健康水平对个体的健康水平有显著的正向影响,社区平均健康水平每上升1个单位,个体的健康水平将会提高48.1个百分点;(2)健康的同群效应存在明显的不对称性。相比于男性和老年群体,女性和年轻人对社区平均健康水平的反应更加敏感;(3)进一步研究发现,社区平均健康水平的改善不仅能在潜移默化中降低个体的风险行为,同时能够促进个体积极主动的寻求健康行为,进而提高个体的健康水平。上述结论的政策启示在于:旨在合理规范和有效促进国民健康水平的有关政策应该充分考虑到同群效应的重要影响及其性别、年龄差异,以充分利用健康的同群效应,最大化国民健康收益。     

Fragments and Links: Organizational Actor‐World of the Harry Potter Phenomenon

The article seeks to develop an Actor‐Network Theory perspective on the relationship between organization and literature by focusing on the Harry Potter phenomenon. The latter is seen as an example of how contemporary popular literature does not stop at itself, but rather supersedes itself by spinning its own truly impressive organizational actor‐network. This industrious industrial entanglement challenges what may be called the ‘disembodied’ conceptualization of literature—the conceptualization that is centred on the contents of works of fiction alone. When the contents of the literary texts are decentred in that they are taken as but one (however important) actor of the actor‐world that comes to be known by their name, other actors become more visible that help to conceptualize Harry Potter as an organizational, as much as a literary, phenomenon.     

Group Buying,Buyer Heterogeneity,and Sellers' Bargaining Power*

Group buying enables collective bargaining opportunity that individual buyers lack to negotiate prices with sellers. This potential negotiation capability has two opposing effects. On the one hand, the prospect of the group being able to negotiate price with its rival forces each seller to lower its price offer, as too high a price will induce the group to give its rival an opportunity to undercut its price via negotiation, likely taking away all the buyers. On the other hand, the potential negotiation opportunity may also discourage sellers from competing aggressively in their price offers, as the benefit of charging a low price could be offset by competitors in negotiation, thus yielding overall higher prices for the buyers. In this study, we find that compared to individual purchase, buyers benefit from collective bargaining opportunity by group buying only if sellers’ bargaining power relative to the buyer group is low and/or buyers’ preferences toward the sellers are sufficiently differentiated. Given buyers’ strategic choice of group purchase, sellers may be worse off with a further increase in bargaining power, and so may social welfare.     

A Numerical Study of PQL Estimation Biases in Generalized Linear Mixed Models Under Heterogeneity of Random Effects

The penalized quasi-likelihood (PQL) approach is the most common estimation procedure for the generalized linear mixed model (GLMM). However, it has been noticed that the PQL tends to underestimate variance components as well as regression coefficients in the previous literature. In this article, we numerically show that the biases of variance component estimates by PQL are systematically related to the biases of regression coefficient estimates by PQL, and also show that the biases of variance component estimates by PQL increase as random effects become more heterogeneous.     

Sample Size Determination and Rational Partition for A Multi- Regional Trial for Survival (Time-To-Event) Data with Unrecognized Heterogeneity that Interacts with Treatment

To shorten the drug lag or the time lag for approval, simultaneous drug development, submission, and approval in the world may be desirable. Recently, multi-regional trials have attracted much attention from sponsors as well as regulatory authorities. Current methods for sample determination are based on the assumption that true treatment effect is uniform across regions. However, unrecognized heterogeneity among patients as ethnic or genetic factor will effect patients’ survival. In this article, we address the issue that the treatment effects with unrecognized heterogeneity that interacts with treatment are among regions to design a multi-regional trial. The log-rank test is employed to deal with the heterogeneous effect size among regions. The test statistic for the overall treatment effect is used to determine the total sample size for a multi-regional trial and the consistent trend is used to rationalize partition for sample size to each region.     

Local Linear GMM Estimation of Functional Coefficient IV Models With an Application to Estimating the Rate of Return to Schooling

We consider the local linear generalized method of moment (GMM) estimation of functional coefficient models with a mix of discrete and continuous data and in the presence of endogenous regressors. We establish the asymptotic normality of the estimator and derive the optimal instrumental variable that minimizes the asymptotic variance-covariance matrix among the class of all local linear GMM estimators. Data-dependent bandwidth sequences are also allowed for. We propose a nonparametric test for the constancy of the functional coefficients, study its asymptotic properties under the null hypothesis as well as a sequence of local alternatives and global alternatives, and propose a bootstrap version for it. Simulations are conducted to evaluate both the estimator and test. Applications to the 1985 Australian Longitudinal Survey data indicate a clear rejection of the null hypothesis of the constant rate of return to education, and that the returns to education obtained in earlier studies tend to be overestimated for all the work experience.