莱布尼兹与现代德语之沧桑——兼论“语文作育”与民族语言命运问题

作为一种民族语言,德语可谓历史悠久.但经过"三十年战争"后,德国民族一度对德语的价值失去了自信.在这一处境中,莱布尼兹奋然提出"语文作育"和"德语思维社会"等观念,旨在唤醒德意志民众重新肩负起母语作育的责任.在评论了莱氏对德语的长处和短处的分析后,本文简略地追溯了现代德语于继后两世纪的发展.以此为背景,本文进一步指出当代德语正面对另一次的语文危机,而挑战主要来自英语的强势.几年前终于再有一群德国学者,他们出于对德语作为一学术思想语言的前途的忧虑,对德国各邦政府发起了公开联署.借着德国的经验,本文于结论部分再进一步指出,当代汉语其实也面对着雷同的处境,作者最后更就中国大学教育环境下的语文政策提出一系列的理论反省.     

Midwives’ views of changing to a Continuity of Midwifery Care (CMC) model in Scotland: A baseline survey

BackgroundThere is good evidence that Continuity of Midwifery Care (CMC) is associated with improved clinical outcomes, greater maternal satisfaction, and improved work experiences for midwives. Changes made to the organisation require careful implementation, with on-going evaluation to monitor progress.AimTo develop a survey tool that incorporates several validated scales, which was used to collect baseline data prior to implementing a high-quality Continuity of Midwifery Care (CMC) model in Scotland (Hewitt et al., 2019). This tool gathered data about midwives’ personal and professional wellbeing prior to service reorganisation, with a longitudinal study intended to measure change in midwives’ reportage across time. This paper reports the baseline data-collection.MethodsAn on-line survey was shared with practising midwives (n = 321) in Scotland via the NHS intranet, verbally, email, and paper. The survey elicited midwives views about Continuity of Midwifery Care (CMC); values and philosophies of care; attitudes towards their professional role; personal and professional demographics; quality of life and wellbeing. Psychometric attitudinal scales were scored and free text comments themed according to positive/negative opinions of the new Continuity of Midwifery Care (CMC) model to highlight key concerns to be addressed and identify change barriers or facilitators.FindingsThe majority of midwives indicated support for philosophies underpinning Continuity of Midwifery Care (CMC), which includes physiological birth and providing autonomous midwifery care. Participants also indicated positive attitudes towards their current role and organisation, with some worrying about how the organisation was going to implement the changes required. Worries included, receiving an overburdening workload, being deskilled in certain areas of midwifery practice, and lack of support were litigation to arise.ConclusionMidwives support the values and philosophies that underpin Continuity of Midwifery Care (CMC), yet worry about organisational change involved in evolving systems of care. Hence, management require to implement strategies to reduce fears. For example, delivering accurate and honest information, enabling midwives to plan, design and implement changes themselves, and providing emotional and material help.     

我国妇女围产期保健服务利用的影响因素

根据国家人口与计划生育委员会2001年全国计划生育/生殖健康调查资料,对我国城市、农村妇女围产期保健的现状进行比较研究.结果显示:城市妇女的围产期保健服务利用的总体水平高于农村;围产期保健利用的影响因素主要有妇女年龄、民族、文化程度、亲生子女数等;五期教育等宣传品的影响没有显著差别.     

浅析宋代养老制度的借鉴意义

老龄化现象是我国当前社会发展存在的一个重要问题。自2000年我国进入老龄化社会以后,随着出生率的逐渐下降和我国人口寿命的逐渐增长,老年人口将占据我国人口的较大比重,人口老龄化将成为我国当前社会发展的一个普遍趋势。因此,如何应对老龄化问题,发展我国养老事业是一个非常值得讨论的问题。早在宋代,我国已经出现有关养老的福利制度,并且有着可以借鉴的内容。文章将通过参考宋代养老制度,为我国当今社会养老事业的发展提供借鉴与参考。     

Acknowledgement of client diversity and oppression in social work student supervision

An enduring theme of social work literature and education has been the need for workers to recognise and challenge oppressive structures and develop competence in working with diverse client groups. This paper reports the findings of a qualitative research project where student and field educator supervision sessions were recorded, with the view to examining how oppression and diversity were addressed in these sessions. The authors have used the term 'difference' to describe the breach between the student and client experiences. Examples of anti-discriminatory practice were identified in the recordings, however on occasions supervisors had difficulty in assisting students to acknowledge diversity and oppression in supervision. Four factors that related to addressing diversity emerged from the supervision material. These were: the struggle to unmask subtle themes of oppression; the use of questioning to raise student awareness and development of self-knowledge; using student biography to facilitate learning on 'difference'; and field educator use of self-disclosure during discussions on diversity. Successful approaches to anti-oppressive practice and responding to diversity are outlined.     

应对老龄化挑战探索“护理院”发展

上海在20世纪70年代就进入了老龄化社会，这对上海市域社会的发展带来了严峻挑战，大力发展老年护理事业迫在眉睫。对目前上海老年护理院的现状进行调研发现，上海在发展老年护理院方面存在若干瓶颈问题。通过对问题的形成原因加以剖析，并借鉴发达国家的有益经验，提出发展上海老年护理院的具体政策建议。     

Green Care services in the Nordic countries: an integrative literature review

This article reviews Nordic literature on Green Care for people out of work or school, or with mental health- and/or drug-related problems, published from 1995 to April 2014. Green Care is a well-established international concept that uses animals, plants and nature in an active process to offer health-promoting activities for people. Reports, evaluations and scientific articles are included. The main finding was that the Green Care services described in the literature provided positive activities for our target group. Seven main categories emerged during the analysis: mastery and coping, positive effects on mental health, physical activity, structure and meaningfulness, the feeling of dignity produced by performing a decent ordinary job, social gains, animals and nature experienced as being supportive. Essential intervention factors identified can be described as: (i) contact with animals, (ii) supportive natural environments, (iii) the service leader as a significant important other, (iv) social acceptance and fellowship with other participants and (v) meaningful and individually adapted activities in which mastery can be experienced. These five components interact in a holistic way; the synergetic effects extend the sum of the single factors.     

青年留学立体化关护体系构建

新时期青年留学主要呈现人数扩大化、动机多元化、年龄低龄化、竞争激烈化四个特点。其中留学低龄化的原因主要是望子成龙思想的延续、对国内教育的信任缺失、外界的宣传诱导;竞争激烈化的原因主要是回国人数增多、政策落实不力和留学生的心态问题。针对这些问题,应当由政府、社会、教育机构和留学生本人共同构建立体化的留学关护体系。     

A framework for production control in health care organizations

The paper presents a hierarchical framework for production control of hospitals which deals with the balance between service and efficiency, at all levels of planning and control. The framework is based on an analysis of the design requirements for hospital production control systems. These design requirements are translated into the control functions at different levels of planning required for hospital production control. The framework consists of five levels of planning and control: patient planning and control, patient group planning and control, resources planning and control, patient volumes planning and control and strategic planning, though this last level does not make part of production control as such. Each of the levels of the framework is further elaborated in terms of the decisions made regarding patient flows and resources, and the co-ordination of the different planning levels. Implications of the framework are discussed by describing some points where current practice deviates from assumptions made in our approach. Recommendations for future research and development of the planning framework are formulated.     

Women from the Middle East and North Africa in Europe: understanding their marriage and family dynamics

The aim of this article is to assist the understanding of social workers in Europe of marriage and family dynamics among women from Middle East and North African countries who have moved to Europe. The focus of this article is on husband selection processes and family dynamics after marriage in Egypt, which is used as a case study reflecting culture and norms surrounding marriage in this region. This article reports on the findings of doctoral studies which examined marriage patterns and family dynamics in North Africa and in particular in Egypt where more in-depth data were available. The authors reflect issues surrounding values and process of marriage not only in terms of the implications for practice with social work clients or service users, but also in relation to the potential of women from this region who may join the social care workforce.