村民是如何化解环境健康风险的?

污染—疾病科学关系不清及制度安排问题等因素致信息不全,加之村民相关科学知识的缺乏,是村民环境健康风险认知的根本性障碍,但村民并没有如简单预设的那样处于"束手待毙"的状态。在乡村社区,村民利用"熟人社会"的社会结构和文化机制把有限的信息无限利用,有效地应对了信息不全的困境。面对外源性污染,并且无法改变污染现状的格局下,村民根据生活经验和常识策略性地化解健康风险。村落社会中的亲缘、地缘关系结构以及精英—大众结构也影响了村民对环境健康风险的规避。村民化解环境健康风险虽然缺乏成熟的科学指导,却有其独特的实践逻辑。     

SUBJECT AND SUBSTRATUM : ON JAPANESE IMPERIAL NATIONALISM

This paper addresses the theoretical and philosophical questions concerning how an individual identified him/herself as a member of an ethnic, racial, or national community in the context of Japanese Imperialist discourse during the 1930's. The central focus is Tanabe Hajime. Together with his mentor Nishida Kitaro, Tanabe established the so-called Kyoto School of Philosophy in the 1920's. With his background in the philosophy of sciences and mathematics, and modern European metaphysics, Tanabe created a philosophical argument for the multi-ethnic nation-state, and proposed the universalistic concept of Japanese national identity which positively evaluates and integrates individuals of different ethnic backgrounds into one. He constructed the Logic of Species (Shu no Ronri) according to which a member of the Japanese Empire could identify with Japan precisely because she or he can participate in the Japanese State which represents the whole, inclusive of all the ethnic groups. Relying upon the Hegelian concept of negativity, he explained the two different levels of belonging: particularistic belonging to the specific identity (shu) such as ethnicity, and universalistic belonging to the generic identity (rui). And he further demonstrated that ethnic identity is far from fixed, and is brought into the subject's self-awareness only insofar as the subject negates it and is free from it. In other words, the subject becomes aware of her/his ethnic origin only when s/he negates it thereby participating in a higher order of social formation, the State, under which ethnic multiplicity is subsumed. Thus the species of ethnicity is constituted only insofar as it is negatively mediated by the genus, that is, the State. Tanabe saw the essential form of human freedom in this negative relation of the subject to his ethnicity, and understood a subject's belonging to a nation as a dialectic and negative process of mediation between the species and the genus. While postwar Japan was built upon the premises of ethnic nationalism, Japanese imperial nationalism of the pre-war period was afraid of ethnic nationalisms which could challenge the Empire's rhetoric of multiethnicity and pluralism. Tanabe's Logic of Species was a response to such needs of Japanese Imperialism and it represented a philosophical attempt to undermine ethnic nationalism. Not surprisingly, it served as a metaphysical foundation for the idea of the Greater East Asian Co-prosperity Sphere.     

《诗经·大雅·民劳》主旨考辨

《诗经·大雅·民劳》的主旨迄今主要有四类观点。之所以产生这四种不同的观点,根源就在于历代学者对诗中的＂小子＂一词以及诗文本内在逻辑的理解有不同。通过综合考察诗中＂小子＂一词的含义与诗文本的内在逻辑关系,得出两点结论：一、诗中的＂小子＂不是指代周王,而是指作者的同僚。二、作者通过此诗表达了对同僚的殷切期望。     

Real-time part dispatching within manufacturing cells using fuzzy logic

A new fuzzy logic dispatching method is presented ff which o ers an improvement over certain existing common dispatching rules with respect to the performance measures, number of late parts, maximum part lateness, average producff tion times and machine bu er levels. The fuzzy logic dispatcher incorporates a wider range of scheduling issues than those considered by most dispatching rules, considers certain control ff issues that e ect scheduling, contains mechanisms for optimization and also allows for the addition of more control or scheduling rules.     

论“大众文化”产生和发展的历史与逻辑的必然性

“大众文化”的兴起和繁荣已是一个不争的事实,如何处理当代“大众文化”与“精英文化”之间的紧张关系,是摆在当代文化研究者面前的一道难题。本文通过分析当代“大众文化”产生和发展的历史的与逻辑的必然性,以期有利于说明当代文化发展的必然趋势,使“大众文化”与“精英文化”之间的融合成为可能。     

皮尔士的逻辑人生

皮尔士早年曾受严格的逻辑训练,坚持以逻辑学为学术目标,一生热情地追求逻辑学的改进和应用。他的逻辑思想具有广阔的视野,对于逻辑学的发展作出了杰出贡献。然而,他作为一位伟大逻辑学家,长期不被人理解,只是在近几年才重新得到发现和重视。     

次协调型科学哲学的兴起及其意义——从逻辑的观点看

从次协调逻辑的视角看,作为科学哲学中心问题的合理性、进步、真理三者统一于协调。合理性在于协调性,协调是进步的理想状态,一个理论被称为真理,是因为它具有较大的协调力。因此,合理性标准、理论进步标准、真理标准三者实际上可以统一于一个标准,即协调力标准。这就是次协调型科学哲学的精髓或本质。次协调型科学哲学的兴起给我们的启示是:中国科学哲学的研究应当关注科学发展前沿问题和重大社会现实问题;其发展方向是密切联系科学思想史研究分科化的科学哲学;其发展道路是致力于促使各学科和学科各分支之间的相互渗透和融合,开创有特色的中国科学哲学发展新局面。     

理解的三个过程

本文论述了阅读理解的三个过程 :语义辨析、语法分析和逻辑分析 ,并指出这三个过程相互影响 ,相互作用 ,缺一不可     

基于PLC控制的多方位自动刷鞋机

为了实现多方位刷鞋的功能,设计一款刷鞋机,主要对其刷鞋部分的机构进行了创新型设计。利用皮带轮机构 和凸轮机构传动带动毛刷运动,多方位清洗鞋子的内部和外表面,达到刷洗鞋子的目的。整个洗刷过程采用三菱PLC 自动控制。该设计结构巧妙,成本低,体积小,工作稳定,性能可靠,效果良好。     

英语专业学生对语法课教学方法的需求

本研究调查了402名英语专业学生对语法课教学方法的需求情况,包括他们对演绎法和归纳法的需求和对各种语法练习形式的需求。本研究有助于广大研究者和英语教师了解英语专业学生对语法课的教学方法的需求情况,有助于语法课教学方法的改革和语法教材的编写。