日本制造的“满蒙问题”与国际法

近现代史上 ,日本在中国东北地区采取种种手段一步一步地攫取侵略权益 ,从而形成了所谓的“满蒙权益”。由此“使人不得不对日本在其现代对外关系上学习和运用欧洲外交最恶劣的特点及在某些制度上融会西方文化的比较优良部分的聪明智慧 ,具有深刻的印象”。     

国际营销的两个流派：标准化观点对适应性观点

本文对有关国际营销中的标准化观点和适应性观点的研究论文进行了分析和综述,讨论了这两种观点的支持性论点,解释了各自成立的假设条件和理论基础。最后,讨论了本研究的管理学含义并指出了今后的研究方向。     

Policy analysis in a socioeconomic model of basic needs applied to four countries

This article summarizes the results of a socioeconomic model of basic needs that was applied to four countries—Brazil, Colombia, India, and Kenya. A modeling approach was thought necessary in order to make more precise the concept of basic needs. Although the work has not been entirely successful in doing that, from the policy experiment attempted, and given the limitations of the models used, we believe that an approach centered on the provision of basic needs will help the poorest satisfy their needs more quickly than is possible under alternative approaches.     

共产国际与李立三“左”倾冒险主义错误

文章通过对李立三"左"倾冒险主义错误的产生、发展及结束的全过程的考察,认为李立三"左"倾冒险主义错误产生的根源在于共产国际的错误指导,而其恶性发展膨胀则与李立三本人的错误思想认识有关,其最终的被遏止则又主要归功于共产国际,但同时共产国际对李立三"左"倾错误的纠正又是很不彻底的。     

中国企业拓展国际市场的模式与策略研究--以荷兰中资企业的实证分析为例

在特定的国外市场选择正确的进入方式是企业国际化进程中最重要的决策之一,也是跨国公司拓展国际市场、实施全球战略的重要思路.本文以企业国际市场进入模式决策的相关理论探讨及模型构建为基础,通过对在荷兰中资企业的实证分析,探讨中国企业如何顺应世界潮流,实施"走出去"战略,选择拓展国际市场的适当模式,以及如何在全球范围内最有效地利用各种经营资源,以提升自己的竞争能力,在跨国竞争中求得生存和发展的相应策略.     

伍德罗·威尔逊构建世界新秩序的原因初探

伍德罗·威尔逊在其执政时期,利用一战的有利时机提出"十四点"和战后建立国际联盟的构想,妄图以此来领导世界,建立美国的世界霸主地位。威尔逊倡导建立由美国主宰的世界新秩序决非偶然,这是由一战时期美国经济的膨胀和威尔逊思想中根深蒂固的扩张主义思想决定的。     

“三个代表”与社会主义法律价值追求

“三个代表”的思想不仅是全面加强新时期党的建设的伟大纲领 ,也是与社会主义的法律价值追求是一致的 ,社会主义法律存在和完善的合理性在于其是保护中国先进生产力发展的法律 ,是保障中国先进文化前进方向的法律 ,是保障中国最广大人民根本利益的法律     

企业国际化经营中关键风险的识别研究

风险识别是企业从事国际化经营时进行风险管理采取的首要步骤,也是进一步实施风险防范与规避的前提和基础.本文以中国企业的国际化经营为研究背景,在对国际风险分类与识别进行理论推导的基础上,通过实证研究,对企业在采取不同国际市场进入模式时所面临的各类风险加以识别,并对关键风险进行聚焦探析.     

Point estimation of lower quantiles based on two-sampling scheme

ABSTRACT

Consider a two-sampling scheme in which an initial sample is first taken from the underlying population and then by assuming a suitable restriction on this sample, some more data points are observed as a new restricted sample. This sampling scheme is used to do inference about the lower quantiles of the underlying distribution. The results are compared with those of simple random sampling in view of mean squared error and Pitman’s measure of closeness criteria for exponential and uniform distributions. It will be shown that the proposed sampling scheme would improve the performance of the point estimators of the lower quantiles of the population.     

Lapses,infidelities, and creative adaptations: Lessons from evaluation of a participatory market development approach in the Andes

Participatory approaches are frequently recommended for international development programs, but few have been evaluated. From 2007 to 2010 the Andean Change Alliance evaluated an agricultural research and development approach known as the “Participatory Market Chain Approach” (PMCA). Based on a study of four cases, this paper examines the fidelity of implementation, the factors that influenced implementation and results, and the PMCA change model. We identify three types of deviation from the intervention protocol (lapses, creative adaptations, and true infidelities) and five groups of variables that influenced PMCA implementation and results (attributes of the macro context, the market chain, the key actors, rules in use, and the capacity development strategy). There was insufficient information to test the validity of the PMCA change model, but results were greatest where the PMCA was implemented with highest fidelity. Our analysis suggests that the single most critical component of the PMCA is engagement of market agents – not just farmers – throughout the exercise. We present four lessons for planning and evaluating participatory approaches related to the use of action and change models, the importance of monitoring implementation fidelity, the limits of baseline survey data for outcome evaluation, and the importance of capacity development for implementers.