Citizens' Anti-highway Revolt in Post-Pinochet Chile: Catalyzing Innovation in Transport Planning

During the last third of the 20th century, citizens throughout North America and Europe organized protests against urban highway projects, influencing urban transport planning in ways that shape its evolution to this day. With the globalization of car-centred urban planning models, some similar movements have emerged in developing countries. What, if anything, can they tell us about citizens' role in innovation to achieve more socially just, good and livable cities? Using a multidisciplinary approach grounded in planning theory and a local adaptation of participatory action research methods, this study explores lessons from an anti-highway movement in Santiago, Chile (1997). This study contributes citizens' perspective on crucial issues within the philosophy and history of city planning, examining shifts in governance that can significantly influence the potential for change in planning and city systems, even under adverse conditions. Is improving participation just a matter of ‘getting the process right’? This experience indicates that it requires re-formulating frameworks to encompass democratization, fostering multi-scalar, self-generating civil society organizations, and focusing on the role of organized citizens, rather than individuals, as they act on policy ecologies. The evidence from this Santiago case supports Portugali's argument that planning is both a profession, exercised by especially trained ‘experts’, and a skill exercised by citizens working from their everyday expertise. This example explores the mechanisms through which, even in a relatively hostile environment, self-generated citizen organizations may play a significant role in contesting business-as-usual debates and achieving innovative policies favouring greater equality and sustainability.     

论WTO协定体制对国际投资法的发展

WTO协定蕴含着大量的国际投资规范 ,它不仅丰富和发展了国际投资多边法制的内涵 ,使国际投资法的自由化、强制化更加明显 ,推动了国际投资法的调整机制日趋多边化 ,而且对国际投资双边法制和各国国内立法产生了深远的影响。     

论传统道路货运企业向现代物流企业的转化

社会经济环境的改变和传统道路运输企业的经营现状决定了传统道路货运企业必须向现代物流企业转化。针对转化过程中存在的问题和困难 ,提出传统道路货运企业要达成共识 ,以物流理念从事经营 ;改革管理体制 ,实行政府引导 ;改变企业的经营组织形式 ;找准发展物流的切入点 ;树立服务意识 ;注重人才培养 ;加强物流软件建设     

Analysing partial ranks by using smoothed paired comparison methods: an investigation of value orientation in Europe

Summary. This paper introduces the paired comparison model as a suitable approach for the analysis of partially ranked data. For example, the Inglehart index, collected in international social surveys to examine shifts in post-materialistic values, generates such data on a set of attitude items. However, current analysis methods have failed to account for the complex shifts in individual item values, or to incorporate subject covariates. The paired comparison model is thus developed to allow for covariate subject effects at the individual level, and a reparameterization allows the inclusion of smooth non-linear effects of continuous covariates. The Inglehart index collected in the 1993 International Social Science Programme survey is analysed, and complex non-linear changes of item values with age, level of education and religion are identified. The model proposed provides a powerful tool for social scientists.     

Sociopsychological Analysis of Japanese Industrial Policy: The Sumitomo Metals Incident

Abstract:  In the 1960s, the former Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) controlled key industries through its industrial policy. It is commonly believed that this policy was based on an economic rationale. In particular, the MITI justified what are known as recession cartels on the grounds that reducing production volume would prevent destructive competition. Our purpose is to go beyond this current economic understanding via a sociopsychological analysis. We focus on the so-called Sumitomo Metals incident of 1965 when the Sumitomo Metals Company refused to follow the MITI guideline demanding a reduction in steel production. This was the first such incident in which a private company explicitly refused to abide by MITI administrative guidance. We hold that the industrial policy was not necessarily based on an economic rationale. Sumitomo was alone enjoying profit while all other companies were suffering loss. The MITI and major steel manufacturers insisted, without economically sound reasoning, that Sumitomo should reduce its steel exports. On an economic basis, however, steel exports should have been promoted, not restricted, to counterbalance the domestic recession. The whole incident was a sociopsychological battle disguised as an economic debate, and the economic argument of the MITI and other steel manufacturers was actually an elaborate scheme of psychological rationalization. Their severe denouncement of Sumitomo is best explained by the psychological defense mechanisms of projection and displacement. Furthermore, the recession cartel in this case was essentially a ritual of collective suffering under the orchestration of state authority.     

所有人的权利——论刑事司法人权的归属

从历史渊源和主要法治国家的宪法以及国际人权法来看,刑事司法人权保护机制保护的是所有人的权利。法律是全民的契约,刑事司法人权应当归属于每一个人。我国刑事司法的立法与实践缺少这种理念,在今后的立法和司法中,应当注意对每一个人的人权保护。     

连云港港口集装箱运输在"长三角"交通规划出台后的发展对策

《长江三角洲地区现代化公路水路交通规划纲要》出台后,分析连云港港口集装箱吞吐量以及运输现状,预测连云港港口集装箱运输发展所面临的形势,提出连云港港口集装箱运输快速发展的对策。     

中国入世一周年的回顾与思考

一年来中国经济在世界经济持续不景气的大背景下,表现出了强劲的上升态势,与入世前后大多数人的预估大相径庭,不能不引起经济研究者对党和政府近几年来制定的一系列经济政策重大意义的深思和对世贸组织运作机制、运作目标的再认识以及对流行的国际贸易理论的反思。