Applying the international wellbeing index to investigate subjective wellbeing of New Zealanders with European and with Maori heritage

Abstract

The International Wellbeing Index (IWI), a global measure for investigating subjective wellbeing, consists of a Personal Wellbeing Index (PWI) and a National Wellbeing Index (NWI). The index is applied to the two largest ethnic populations in New Zealand—New Zealanders with European heritage and New Zealanders with Maori heritage. Psychometric characteristics of the IWI for both subsamples compare favourably to those found in other countries. However, for both subsamples, the absolute value of reported subjective wellbeing is lower than expected. Consistent with other social indicators, New Zealanders with Maori heritage show even lower values of PWI and NWI than New Zealanders with European heritage.     

社会工作研究的人文精神——对以实证主义为导向的美国社会工作研究的批判

长期以来,国际社会工作研究常常倾向于以实证主义和经验主义为基础的研究导向,特别是在美国,基于证据的研究方法在社会工作领域十分流行。随着全球化的推进和人们生活方式的现代化,社会工作研究所面临的问题更为复杂,其解决方法单纯依靠各种技术处理的手段来展开是远远不够的,我们在讨论这些问题时,要强化其价值导向。这要求我们在讨论社会工作研究的问题上,把我们的关注点从证据、技术手段和职业标准扩展到价值观、人文精神和对全球化问题的关注等方面,以此来推进国际社会工作的发展。     

宋元之际上海的兴起

上海在宋末由村设镇,元初由镇升县,迅速崛起。上海设镇时间在宋理宗淳祐十一年(1251年)到宝祐四年(1256年)之间,最有可能是1255年。上海主要是在长江三角洲取代了江阴的地位,因而得以兴起,而非前人认为上海取代华亭县内青龙镇的地位。宋末上海市舶分司兼管上海镇,上海市舶分司长官有蔡起莘、陈壁,其中蔡起莘也是上海的武官,由提举上海市舶分司兼任上海监镇,江阴市舶务在1255年裁并。宋末上海长官兼管海防,辖有招安海盗张瑄的船队,职务重要。元初上海的因漕立县,主要体现在豪族聚居与漕粮激增这两方面。漕运豪族是上海县的支配者,与上海县互相依存。宋末和元初上海迅速发展的经济基础都是航运业,宋元之际的上海发展是连贯一体的。     

The Lived Experience of Transport Structure: An Exploration of Transport's Role in People's Lives

This article is oriented towards the tensions between the local character of the lived experience of transport and the more general view taken in transport policy studies. The article presents research conducted in 2002–2005 into the lived experience of transport structure: it represents a social transport policy approach to the phenomenon of suppressed journeys and barriers to travel. The research was funded by the Department for Transport with the primary goal of exploring the complexities associated with travel among different social groups and across different geographic locations. Two case studies were undertaken, one in a rural location and one in a peripheral urban location in Oxfordshire. Analysis of the case‐study materials resulted in a number of findings, the most pertinent of which is that there is a major consultation gap between users of the transport system and planners of that system. Additionally, existing methodologies in transport and travel under‐record and under‐represent the barriers to mobility experienced in the routine of everyday life within contemporary Britain.     

苏州地区运输网络功能的实证研究

在市场经济体制逐步确立的情况下 ,区域性的客货运流量、流向和结构正在发生深刻变化 ,建立和完善一个地区的交通运输网络体系 ,发挥各类运输方式的优势 ,提高运输网络的综合功能 ,是实现运输资源优化配置 ,满足社会经济发展的正确选择。在这一方面 ,苏州地区的区域性交通运输网络和客货运资源配置 ,便是具有一定代表性和典型性的例证。     

日本制造的“满蒙问题”与国际法

近现代史上 ,日本在中国东北地区采取种种手段一步一步地攫取侵略权益 ,从而形成了所谓的“满蒙权益”。由此“使人不得不对日本在其现代对外关系上学习和运用欧洲外交最恶劣的特点及在某些制度上融会西方文化的比较优良部分的聪明智慧 ,具有深刻的印象”。     

大宗物资集中采购的调运计划研究

大宗物资调运问题是一个受多因素影响的复杂问题,一般来讲,其调运数量大、地域跨度大、时间紧。如何协调供需以及运输能力,保证物资采购部门的经济利益是本文所要研究的问题。本文首先给出了大宗物资集中采购的调运模式,然后针对采购部门在大宗物资调运过程中遇到的困难,为采购部门提出了以获取数量折扣、准时采购、降低库存成本和协调运输能力为准则的调运计划模型。数值计算表明应用本文所建模型编制调运计划能够达到降低采购费用、协调运输能力的目的,为大宗物资调运计划的编制提供了一种较为有效的方法。     

国际营销的两个流派：标准化观点对适应性观点

本文对有关国际营销中的标准化观点和适应性观点的研究论文进行了分析和综述,讨论了这两种观点的支持性论点,解释了各自成立的假设条件和理论基础。最后,讨论了本研究的管理学含义并指出了今后的研究方向。     

Policy analysis in a socioeconomic model of basic needs applied to four countries

This article summarizes the results of a socioeconomic model of basic needs that was applied to four countries—Brazil, Colombia, India, and Kenya. A modeling approach was thought necessary in order to make more precise the concept of basic needs. Although the work has not been entirely successful in doing that, from the policy experiment attempted, and given the limitations of the models used, we believe that an approach centered on the provision of basic needs will help the poorest satisfy their needs more quickly than is possible under alternative approaches.     

The Transport System and Society’s Metabolism in the UK

This paper analyses the interrelation between the transport system and measures of resource consumption such as material and energy consumption over a 60-year period (1937–1997) in the UK. Non-motorized transport and time consumption for mobility are estimated in addition to conventional measures of transport. During the period analyzed, the UK population grew by 20% while transport of goods and persons increased more than threefold and material and energy consumption almost doubled. The transport intensity of domestic material input (DMI) doubled to 300 ton-kilometers (tkm) per ton of DMI while the transport intensity of domestic energy consumption (DEC) doubled to 20 tkm per gigajoule (GJ) of DEC. Thus, while the material and energy intensity of GDP declined significantly, a well-established trend in many advanced countries, the transport intensity of materials and energy consumption rose. These findings suggest a close link between transport, economic development, and long-term structural transformations. In the case of personal transport, a rebound effect was also observed: whereas the average speed of transport has greatly increased, the average number of hours per day devoted to personal transport has not declined.