外语语法学习中书面纠错反馈研究回顾与展望

近三十年外语写作界一直争论书面纠错反馈对语法习得的效果。本文梳理了该领域相关文献，旨在为国内的研究提供启示。首先阐述了 Truscott 和 Ferris 引领的两大流派截然相反的观点。其次，论证了至今大部分实证研究肯定书面纠错反馈的作用，不同纠错方式有不同效果。最后，本文建议未来研究采用科学研究方法，围绕以下两个主流趋势展开：1）考察聚焦书面纠错中不同纠错方式对习得各种语法结构的效果；2）对比聚焦与非聚焦书面纠错对语法习得的不同效果。     

《儿女英雄传》、《型世言》第二人称代词比较研究

通过对《儿女英雄传》、《型世言》第二人称代词的对比研究,尤其是对"你"、"你们"、"尔"、"汝"的详细比较,我们发现:《儿女英雄传》中第二人称代词更加凸显出了"你、你们"一花独放的局面;《儿女英雄传》中代词双音节化越来越明显。原来单用的第二人称代词基本演化成双音节代词;《儿女英雄传》中第二人称代词,尤其是"你、你们"与其他短语的结合能力明显增强,其用法与现代汉语相比,已相差无几。     

Acquisition as a means for external technology sourcing: Complementary, substitutive or both?

This paper addresses the question of how a target firm's innovation activities relate to the acquiring firm's R&D characteristics, and more specifically, if the former substitute for, or complement the acquirer's activities. It investigates this question in three narrowly defined high technology industries by analysing the association of three R&D characteristics of acquiring firms with different measures of acquisition extent and content. The R&D characteristics referred to are: addressing R&D efforts, R&D outputs and absorptive capacity. Data was collected in each case for those firms whose combined sales revenue makes up 80% of the industry total and is used to test a set of hypotheses derived from extant literature. The findings confirm a substitutive relationship between acquisitions and acquirer research efforts as well as between acquirer and target patent output, whereas absorptive capacity is complementary to acquisition activities. The results reveal that acquirers target firms that hold a large number of patents in the fields where acquirer patenting is weak, and so address weaknesses in their own R&D output. This finding extends the extant literature on the role of external technology sourcing in the high technology context. Research findings are presented along with their implications and directions for future research.     

公式化语言在心理词汇中在线处理的研究综述

公式化语言是语言的重要组成成分,目前从心理语言学和二语习得方面时其研究还较少,尤在国内更少.文章主要从心理语言学角度对现有的公式化语言相关研究及其研究方法进行综述,讨论这些研究的结果以及其局限,分析现有研究对今后公式化语言在心理语言学和二语习得方面研究方向的启示.     

DO NEWSPAPERS SERVE THE STATE? INCUMBENT PARTY INFLUENCE ON THE US PRESS, 1869–1928

Using data from 1869 to 1928, we estimate the effect of party control of state governments on the entry, exit, circulation, prices, number of pages, and content of Republican and Democratic daily newspapers. We exploit changes over time in party control of the governorship and state legislatures in a differences‐in‐differences design. We exploit close gubernatorial elections and state legislatures with small majorities in a parallel regression‐discontinuity design. Neither method reveals evidence that the party in power affects the partisan composition of the press. Our confidence intervals rule out modest effects, and we find little evidence of incumbent party influence even in times and places with high political stakes or low commercial stakes. The one exception is the Reconstruction South, an episode that we discuss in detail.     

论张学良对“不抵抗”政策的“不辩”之辩

九一八事变,让张学良背上"不抵抗"的骂名,张学良对此曾表示:不辩不争,毁誉由人。而在张学良的口述中,他谈的最多的是九一八事变中有关"不抵抗"问题,他既反省自我,也为己辩护;他辩驳细节问题,对还原历史至关重要;他承认"判断错误",却否认"不抵抗"。这种"不辩"之辩,不仅颠覆诸多历史观点,化解重要历史疑点,也让人们看清了张学良作为当事人的心路历程。     

九一八前以张学良为首的东北当局的对日方针——以万宝山事件和中村事件为例

万宝山事件和中村事件是九一八事变前在东北发生的两起严重的国际事件,在由两事件引起的中日交涉中,以张学良为首的东北地方当局对日本采取隐忍退让、力避冲突的方针。张学良之所以采取如此方针,一方面是由于中国国内内争未消的局面及其在其中所处的地位所决定,另一方面是由于张学良本人对日本和当时的国际格局的错误判断造成。这一方针不仅助长了日本侵略者的气焰,加速了九一八事变的爆发,"力避冲突"最终也发展成为九一八事变爆发后的"不抵抗主义"。     

查尔斯·泰勒的现代市民社会模式评析

政治哲学家查尔斯·泰勒认为,流行于现代西方社会的市民社会概念具有深远的历史根源,这些根源为近代以来的反专制主义学说以两种不同的路径（源自于洛克的L-流和孟德斯鸠的M-流）所继承和发展,并且为现代市民社会概念提供了两条不同的理论进路。在泰勒看来,鉴于两种进路都有可能演化为市民社会的消失、自由的丧失与专制政治的复现,因而应将二者融为一体,在融汇中克服各自缺陷,以建构能够真正保障自由的现代市民社会,即个人自由与政治自由、消极自由与积极自由相结合的市民社会。     

COMPETITION AND GENDER PREJUDICE: ARE DISCRIMINATORY EMPLOYERS DOOMED TO FAIL?

According to Becker's famous theory on discrimination (Gary Becker, 1957 , The Economics of Discrimination, University of Chicago Press), entrepreneurs with a strong prejudice against female workers forgo profits by submitting to their tastes. In a competitive market their firms lack efficiency and are therefore forced to leave. We present new empirical evidence for this prediction by studying the survival of start‐up firms in longitudinal matched employer–employee data. We find that firms with strong preferences for discrimination approximated by a low share of female employees relative to the industry average have significantly shorter survival rates. This is especially relevant for firms starting out with female shares in the lower tail of the distribution. Competition at the industry level additionally reduces firm survival and accelerates the rate at which prejudiced firms are weeded out. We also find evidence for employer learning as highly discriminatory start‐up firms that manage to survive submit to market powers and increase their female workforce over time.     

Lesbians Bait the Military

This article analyzes the racial and sexual politics of the “don't ask, don't tell” storyline on Showtime's series The L Word. It situates The L Word within a political economy of media industry and policy advocacy organizations to argue that the show participated in a form of “policy-tainment” by producing critique of both existing government policies and the role of racial representations in oppositional political strategies, and finally exercising influence in policy networks.