数字知识经济增加值核算研究

数字知识经济作为数字经济的重要组成部分,随着各类互联网平台的发展得到了飞速发展,研究数字知识经济核算问题是完成我国数字经济核算的重要一环。本文在对数字知识经济内涵、范围与分类研究的基础上,对数字知识经济的生产模式、收益模式以及与平台的合作模式进行了归纳;进而根据平台所起的作用,分别以数字知识平台与生产者作为核算主体,详细研究各种模式下的总产出与中间消耗,确定生产法增加值核算方案。根据生产者是个人还是企业、平台是否参与生产等因素,详细讨论各种情况下劳动报酬、营业盈余、混合收入、生产税净额、固定资本消耗的核算内容,确定收入法增加值的核算方案;并探究支出法GDP核算中数字知识经济的核算项目。以“得到”这一典型企业为例,采用生产法和收入法核算了其2020年1月至6月的增加值,并分析两种方法存在差异的原因和适用性,为有关部门进行数字知识经济增加值的核算提供参考依据。     

Smallpox and Its Eradication in Finland: Implications for Disease Control

Cause-specific mortality studies are vital for a full understanding of the determinants of mortality and epidemiological transitions. The exceptional detail and accuracy of archival materials in Finland, as well as the length of the period covered, offer an ideal opportunity for such analyses. Focussing upon the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the history, decline, and eventual eradication of smallpox is detailed. It has often been argued that primary vaccination in childhood was the major factor responsible for the decline and subsequent elimination of the disease in Finland. This perspective is probably correct for the initial decrease in smallpox mortality. To interpret the final phases of smallpox history in Finland, however, several factors must be taken into consideration. These include revaccination, virulence of the virus, containment (quarantine) of infected individuals, vaccination of contacts, and importation of the virus from surrounding countries. While these factors were not of equal causal importance, they exerted a synergistic effect on the course of Finnish smallpox history. This in-depth historical case study demonstrates that multiple factors must be taken into account when disease control policies in developing countries are formulated to-day.     

企业家人力资本价值与企业家薪酬模式

企业家人力资本形成的价值特点既决定着企业家的流动 ,也决定着企业家人力资本获取的价值补偿。设计企业家薪酬模式时应注意 :企业家薪酬确定的市场化 ;薪酬设计中企业家的收入与职工收入受一定的整体激励约束值的限制 ;合理确定企业家薪酬构成与数量 ;建立企业家业绩的评估考核制度等     

哈特对美国现实主义法学的批判及其问题

哈特对现实主义法学的批判主要包括两个方面：一是以语言的开放结构为工具,通过质疑“逻辑贬抑论”、“规则怀疑论”对现实主义法学的“法律不确定性”命题进行挞伐;二是以内在观点与外在观点、内在陈述与外在陈述的二分工具对现实主义法学的“预测模式”进行诘难。哈特对现实主义法学“法律不确定性”命题的批判并没有说出比现实主义者更新的内容,并且未曾或故意忽略了该命题提出的历史背景、理论旨趣和适用范围。对“预测模式”的批判主要是基于一种不同理论立场的“误读”,即要求一种司法面向的法理学去承担本体论上的任务。     

Pricing of Full‐Service Repair Contracts with Learning,Optimized Maintenance,and Information Asymmetry

This article considers the optimal pricing of full‐service (FS) repair contracts by taking into account learning and maintenance efficiency effects, competition from service , and asymmetric information. We analyze on‐call service (OS) and FS contracts in a market where customers exhibit heterogeneous risk aversion. While the customers minimize their disutility over the equipment lifetime, the service provider maximizes expected profits arising from the portfolio of OS and FS contracts. We show that the optimal FS price depends inter alia on the customer's prior cost experience and on OS repair and maintenance costs. The optimal FS price is shown to increase as fewer OS customers are lost to competition, whereas improved repair learning enabled by FS reduces the optimal price. A numerical study based on data from a manufacturer of forklifts highlights the importance of learning in maintenance operations, which constitutes the key benefit of FS contracts; 81% of the customers select the FS option and are willing to pay an insurance premium of around 1.5% of total OS cost against volatility of repair costs.     

《辋川集》的经典化和辋川模式的建立

后人对《辋川集》的接受不仅是诗歌艺术的论析和诗歌意蕴的阐释,更突出地表现为对一种精神境界和人格范型的认同与向往。历代文人围绕辋川别业的吟咏感慨和心慕手追塑造了具有原型意义的辋川模式,其内涵主要包括经典园林的构建模式、文人雅集酬唱的吟游方式、亦官亦隐的处世方式,以及调理性情、回避矛盾的人格精神。较之陶渊明的桃源,辋川模式对士人有更大的现实吸引力。     

An Experimental Comparison of Dispatching Rules for Field Service Support*

Field service repair management is increasing in importance as “high tech” machines such as computers, communication systems, and copy machines are becoming more popular and more widely disbursed geographically. Complicating the management of these systems are response time performance guarantees (e.g., 8-hour response time), which are a popular marketing tool for many field service businesses [21]. These response time), guarantees especially complicate the field service dispatching problem. With response time guarantees, dispatchers must consider travel times and other issues to determine which call should be assigned to an available technician. This research proposes several dispatching rules that might be applied for dispatching sequential-trip technicians in this environment and compares these rules in a simulation experiment to determine which rule is best in terms of average tardiness. The proposed composite travel time-expiration time rule was found to be the best on average tardiness performance and on all other tardiness-related measures. Given the increased importance of tardiness performance in field service organizations, the proposed composite rule appears to have promise.