Externalizing an ‘Asset Model’ of Activation: Creative Institutional Work by Frontline Workers in the Norwegian Labour and Welfare Service

The past two decades have brought significant shifts in Norwegian activation policy towards a joined‐up and employability‐enhancing approach to labour market inclusion in order to promote return‐to‐work despite health problems or disabilities. Utilizing a concept from health promotion, we term this approach an ‘asset model’ of activation. The Norwegian Labour and Welfare Service (NAV) and its local offices are the main agents implementing the new policy. This article aims to investigate the strategies that the frontline workers of NAV engage in, in order to externalize an ‘asset model’ in the adjacent medical field and to the general practitioners (GPs) in particular. We analyze these strategies as forms of creative institutional work – the purposive actions undertaken to change existing presumptions and opinions among relevant actors. We argue that although the new activation policy is not theirs to develop, in order to bring about changes in practice, ‘creating’ institutional work by the frontline workers is required. Our findings show that the frontline workers develop strategies in order to externalize an asset model to the GPs, as part of operationalizing an ‘activation’ reform into practice. We identify four forms of ‘creating’ institutional work undertaken by the frontline workers: ‘defining’ – enacting legislation and regulation in relation to GPs; ‘constructing normative networks’ – creating a more collaborative relationship with the GPs; ‘educating’ – teaching the GPs about the rules and regulations, and the opportunities and assistive measures they can offer to the injured; and thereby also ‘changing normative associations’ of GPs towards the activation policy.     

基于GARCH模型的股票市场有效性的实证研究

证券市场波动的有效性问题是证券市场研究中的一个重要课题。文章运用时间序列的GARCH模型的推广形式对上证指数股票收益率序列建模,在以往研究的基础上鉴于实际波动情况引入了两个虚拟变量进行刻画,并就股票市场有效性问题进行了实证研究。     

A model for extreme wind gusts

Estimates of the largest wind gust that will occur at a given location over a specified period are required by civil engineers. Estimation is usually based on models which are derived from the limiting distributions of maxima of stationary time series and which are fitted to data on extreme gusts. In this paper we develop a model for maximum gusts which also incorporates data on hourly mean speeds through a distributional relationship between maxima and means. This joint model is closely linked to the physical processes which generate the most extreme values and thus provides a mechanism by which data on means can augment those on gusts. It is argued that this increases the credibility of extrapolation in estimates of long period return gusts. The model is shown to provide a good fit to data obtained at a location in northern England and is compared with a more traditional modelling approach, which also performs well for this site.     

管窥古典悲剧与现代悲剧之异同——读《还乡》与《俄狄浦斯王》

以《俄狄浦斯王》和《还乡》两部不同时代的悲剧作品为代表,从主题、悲剧效果、悲剧成因、悲剧主人公身份以及悲剧表现手段等方面探讨古典悲剧与现代悲剧的异同。     

乾隆时期土尔扈特回归事件相关诗作研究

乾隆帝和他的臣子纪昀、徐步云等人以不同的身份从不同的维度、视角和空间,以不同的情感对亲历的土尔扈特部回归事件进行了文学上的典型性抽绎和浓缩,以生动形象的表现和张扬凸显了这一事件背后所蕴含的民族精神和盛世气象。将三者的诗篇集合在一起,连贯起来看,恰好实现了对土尔扈特回归事件文学式的全景覆盖,故而笔者认为其具有诗史的价值。     

泵电源场输出电路故障检修与理论探讨

通过阐述泵电源场输出电路的工作原理，从理论上探讨这类电路常见故障的产生原因，从而为实际维修工作提出了几点参考意见．     

金融机构保底理财的合法性迷局与困境

目前各类金融机构保底理财的合法性不一,其间差异存在某些现实合理性;要从整体上解决这一问题,尚缺乏坚实的法律和理论依据;分业部门割据影响到属性认定,并在一定程度上加剧了规范分歧。建议国务院加快牵头研究并出台《信托机构管理条例》或《金融机构客户资金管理业务试行办法》。     

Macroeconomic imbalances in Europe: How to overcome the fallacy of unit labour costs

Policy recommendations based on unit labour costs (ULC) indices can lead to undesirable and counterproductive policies, because they do not reveal possible distortions in the base year. In this paper, we discuss the problems with the ULC-current account relation and provide an alternative measure for relative wage costs called Wage Competitive index (WCI) based on the assumption of convergence of the returns on capital. We show how to calculate it and that it is more efficient than traditional ULC and REER indicators. The implication is that policymakers should not focus on nominal wage setting only, but also more broadly on all factors which affect the return on capital. This implies that the well-known Rehn–Meidner rule, which underlies the Macroeconomic Dialogue should be modified.     

农村劳动力回流与劳动力密集型产业的开发

不同于以往农村劳动力的外流,近年来出现的“逆潮回归”现象是农村劳动力流动的一大转变。通过对农村劳动力流出及回流的“推－拉” 因素的比较分析,不难看出回流现象存在的可能性与现实性。回流者通过自己的才识展现,为回流地输入资金、技术和人力资本,带动当地新型的劳动力密集型产业的开发,表现为发展农业产业一体化,促使传统产业的梯度转移,以及在城乡之间、先进和落后地区之间建立全新的要素分配机制。     

General return contracts for style goods: expected utility approach

A return policy is commonly used by retailers to hedge for overstock risk. A number of research studies have developed models to identify when the manufacturer should accept returns. However, few of these studies consider the risk attitude of the decision maker, that is, existing papers assume that both the manufacturer and retailer are risk-neutral. Rather than ignore the risk attitude of the retailer and manufacturer, this paper relaxes this assumption and constructs a general returns model through the expected utility approach. An inventory theoretic model is developed and a menu of discount-return combinations is designed for the feasible solutions of a wholesale price discount and buyback price. It is shown that the decision to join a returns contact considerably depends on the utility functions for both the retailer and manufacturer. That is, the risk attitude is a core factor for the retailer and manufacturer to decide if to sign a returns contact, and without considering the factor in the model, the decision may be biased.