An overview of the Salmonella enteritidis risk assessment for shell eggs and egg products.

This article summarizes a quantitative microbial risk assessment designed to characterize the public health impact of consumption of shell eggs and egg products contaminated with Salmonella Enteritidis (SE). This risk assessment's objectives were to: (1) establish the baseline risk of foodborne illness from SE, (2) identify and evaluate potential risk mitigation strategies, and (3) identify data gaps related to future research efforts. The risk assessment model has five modules. The Egg Production module estimates the number of eggs produced that are SE-contaminated. Shell Egg Processing, Egg Products Processing, and Preparation & Consumption modules estimate the increase or decrease in the numbers of SE organisms in eggs or egg products as they pass through storage, transportation, processing, and preparation. A Public Health Outcomes module then calculates the incidence of illnesses and four clinical outcomes, as well as the cases of reactive arthritis associated with SE infection following consumption. The baseline model estimates an average production of 2.3 million SE-contaminated shell eggs/year of the estimated 69 billion produced annually and predicts an average of 661,633, human illnesses per year from consumption of these eggs. The model estimates approximately 94% of these cases recover without medical care, 5% visit a physician, an additional 0.5% are hospitalized, and 0.05% result in death. The contribution of SE from commercially pasteurized egg products was estimated to be negligible. Five mitigation scenarios were selected for comparison of their individual and combined effects on the number of human illnesses. Results suggest that mitigation in only one segment of the farm-to-table continuum will be less effective than several applied in different segments. Key data gaps and areas for future research include the epidemiology of SE on farms, the bacteriology of SE in eggs, human behavior in food handling and preparation, and human responses to SE exposure.     

知识经济与东南亚经济风波的启示

东南亚国家的经济风波说明 :在知识经济时代 ,国家经济的整体活力与发展潜力将更多地取决于知识、技术与人才。这对面向 2 1世纪的世界各国 ,特别是我们这样的发展中国家来说 ,有着深刻的启示意义 :( 1)必须建设国家创新体系 ;( 2 )努力提高知识创新能力 ;( 3)合理储备高智能的人力资本 ;( 4)积极推行“科教兴国 ,教育为本”     

关于完善“婚外恋”行为立法的几点思考

合法的婚姻家庭关系受法律保护。“婚外恋”引起的违法行为不仅违背了人们的道德观念,也开始引起立法上的争论。从法理上看,它破坏了法律保护的婚姻家庭关系,对之约束是可能的,从实践上看又是复杂的。我国现行法律法规对之已有一定约束,但远远不能体现法律的公平精神。在以后的立法完善工作中,还有许多制度值得参考,借鉴。     

Gender and income in pharmacy: human capital and gender stratification theories revisited

This is a case study of gender and earnings in pharmacy--a profession characterized by its rapid recruitment of female practitioners. We try to account for disparities in earnings between male and female pharmacists in Ontario with the aid of human capital theory and gender stratification theory. Data is drawn from a random sample of 463 Ontario pharmacists. We find a consistent sex gap in earnings regardless of occupational level of practitioners (i.e. owner, manager or employee) and net of such factors as hours worked, commitment to work, hours devoted to childcare, absences from the labour market, and years since graduation. Instead, the main reason why women in pharmacy earn less than males is because they remain employees throughout their careers. However, we are less successful at identifying the additional factors responsible for the depressed earnings of female practitioners. We discuss our findings in light of the claims of gender stratification and human capital theory.     

国际人权公约的法律监督

从有政治和道义价值的人权宣言在条件成熟时发展为有法律约束力的人权公约 ,对促进国际人权合作有积极意义。公约的法律监督以审评缔约国关于本国人权状况的报告为主 ,形成一套机制和操作程序 ,强调专家监督机构与缔约国间的对话。这与借人权之名搞政治对抗 ,是不同的。公约体制的实施是国际监督和尊重国家主权间取得某种平衡的过程     

Challenges to the Acceptance of Probabilistic Risk Analysis

This paper discusses a number of the key challenges to the acceptance and application of probabilistic risk analysis (PRA). Those challenges include: (a) the extensive reliance on subjective judgment in PRA, requiring the development of guidance for the use of PRA in risk-informed regulation, and possibly the development of robust or reference prior distributions to minimize the reliance on judgment; and (b) the treatment of human performance in PRA, including not only human error per se but also management and organizational factors more broadly. All of these areas are seen as presenting interesting research challenges at the interface between engineering and other disciplines.     

Brain drain in Venezuela: the scope of the human capital crisis

ABSTRACT

Brain drain, the exodus of highly skilled professionals, has a strong connection with Human Resource Development (HRD), as these experts are human capital for organizations, communities, and nations. In today’s global economy, HRD practitioners and scholars need to keep abreast of what circumstances trigger the migration of talented workers around the world and the implications for HRD. This article describes the brain drain in Venezuela. The magnitude of the talent crisis is the result of a complex combination of poor policy implementation, mismanagement, corruption, and socio-economic and political conflict. This article exposes the current realities and the repercussions the exodus of talent has had on Venezuela and the decline of a country that was once among the world’s richest, but is now an impoverished nation.     

许筠诗论的独特价值及其影响

许筠诗论的价值,是由朝鲜诗学史的独特地位以及中朝诗论范畴的比较而确定的。其诗论体现在"性情论"、"载道论"、"天机论"、"尚唐论"等方面,这些诗论对后来朝鲜诗论的发展有深远的影响。     

社会生物学视野中的人

本文简要论述了作为达尔文主义新发展的社会生物学在基因水平上力图恢复人的自然本质的努力,这种把人向基因的还原对人在自然界中的地位的影响,以及这种对人自身认识的还原将在何种程度上冲击社会科学有关人本性的传统观念。     

朱舜水治学理论初探

朱舜水的治学理论重在讲究师道、重视为学和以作文验其所学。师道即为人之师须治学垂范 ,以达“传道、授业、解惑”之目的。为学即讲究读书之原则与方法 ,博览群书 ,以进入治学之境界。以作文验其所学则是强调亲身实践 ,以检验治学之效果。朱舜水的治学理论是我国古代学术园地弥足珍贵的文化遗产。