在实践中考察社会主义

实践是社会生活的本质,是人类生存和发展的根本条件。在实践中正确认识和理解、继承和发展科学社会主义,就是要强调社会主义实践的阶段性、过程性和层次性,强调要用发展着的马克思主义指导新的实践,与时俱进,正确处理社会主义本质与社会主义实践之间的辨证关系。     

文以载入功能在《古船》中的体现

《古船》的人学蕴涵在其思想意义的诸多方面占据着核心地位。其中的人物形象不但是作品形式构成的主角,更重要的,还是作品意义构成的主角,是作者极力思考的核心内容。作品文以载人的功能是不容置疑的。这主要体现在作品的情节、结构和人物自身上。《古船》的人学蕴含是其区别于同期作品的一个鲜明特征。     

实现以人为本的的图书馆服务理念

"用户至上,服务第一"是图书馆的核心价值观,图书馆的服务质量直接影响着图书馆工作的发展。本文介绍了新时期图书馆读者服务工作的特征,探讨了图书馆的以人为本、个性化服务内容和服务方式。     

将ISO9001标准应用于实习工厂质量管理的探研

文章探讨了用ISO90 0 0族标准在高校实习工厂建立质量管理体系的可行性和基本策略 ,明确相关术语和定义 ,确立质量方针与质量目标 ,概括描述了质量手册、程序文件、作业性指导文件和质量记录的内容与框架。     

我国宪法与国际人权公约有关人权限制性规定之比较

有关人权限制的问题，我国宪法不论是文本还是理念，都与国际人权公约存在差异，因而产生两者之间的冲突和协调问题。我国宪法限权条款有待明确化、具体化，违宪审查制度有待建立。     

对班主任工作的思考

本文根据笔者工作中的实践经验,从“全面了解学生情况、培养学生自信心、建立良好班风、建立班集体目标、重视学生心理健康教育、做好学生思想工作、客观公平对待学生、重视素质教育、沟通学校、家庭、社会三方面的教育”九个方面分析论证了班主任工作是一项研究人、影响人、教育人和塑造人的系统工程,它在实现学校办学目的、教育目标、教学功能等方面起着非常重要的作用。     

论新老实用主义的生命审美观

实用主义不只阐明突出效用的实践观,真善美统一的真理观,鼓励探索和实验的方法论,还极力提倡一种艺术化的生命观和审美主义的人生观;激励人们为生存和改变现实境遇而努力;要求人们"活得好,活得高尚";精心呵护生命,培养审美情趣,去除社会陋习,建立审美模式,塑造完美人格,实现完整人性。每个人都应该把人生当作一门艺术,在改善自我、世界和他人生活状态的过程中把自己塑造成为一件精美的艺术品,或是把自己的生活建构成一种具有审美价值和反映某种高雅风格及富有个性的作品。     

旅游业发展与旅游专业外语人才的培养

旅游业的迅猛发展需求大量的旅游专业外语人才。为适应这种需求 ,旅游外语专业人才的培养模式必须改革     

Reconsidering the Evolution of Nonlinguistic Communication: The Case of Laughter

Nonlinguistic communication is typically proposed to convey representational messages, implying that particular signals are associated with specific signaler emotions, intentions, or external referents. However, common signals produced by both nonhuman primates and humans may not exhibit such specificity, with human laughter for example showing significant diversity in both acoustic form and production context. We therefore outline an alternative to the representational approach, arguing that laughter and other nonlinguistic vocalizations are used to influence the affective states of listeners, thereby also affecting their behavior. In the case of laughter, we propose a primary function of accentuating or inducing positive affect in the perceiver in order to promote a more favorable stance toward the laugher. Two simple strategies are identified, namely producing laughter with acoustic features that have an immediate impact on listener arousal, and pairing these sounds with positive affect in the listener to create learned affective responses. Both depend on factors like the listener's current emotional state and past interactions with the vocalizer, with laughers predicted to adjust their sounds accordingly. This approach is used to explain findings from two experimental studies that examined the use of laughter in same-sex and different-sex dyads composed of either friends or strangers, and may be applicable to other forms of nonlinguistic communication.     

Human Salmonellosis: Estimation of Dose-Illness from Outbreak Data

The quantification of the relationship between the amount of microbial organisms ingested and a specific outcome such as infection, illness, or mortality is a key aspect of quantitative risk assessment. A main problem in determining such dose-response models is the availability of appropriate data. Human feeding trials have been criticized because only young healthy volunteers are selected to participate and low doses, as often occurring in real life, are typically not considered. Epidemiological outbreak data are considered to be more valuable, but are more subject to data uncertainty. In this article, we model the dose-illness relationship based on data of 20 Salmonella outbreaks, as discussed by the World Health Organization. In particular, we model the dose-illness relationship using generalized linear mixed models and fractional polynomials of dose. The fractional polynomial models are modified to satisfy the properties of different types of dose-illness models as proposed by Teunis et al . Within these models, differences in host susceptibility (susceptible versus normal population) are modeled as fixed effects whereas differences in serovar type and food matrix are modeled as random effects. In addition, two bootstrap procedures are presented. A first procedure accounts for stochastic variability whereas a second procedure accounts for both stochastic variability and data uncertainty. The analyses indicate that the susceptible population has a higher probability of illness at low dose levels when the combination pathogen-food matrix is extremely virulent and at high dose levels when the combination is less virulent. Furthermore, the analyses suggest that immunity exists in the normal population but not in the susceptible population.