西欧中世纪的比武大赛及其原因

比武大赛是西欧中世纪骑士的重要活动,它的出现与战争密切相关。自12世纪有确切材料记载以来的五百余年时间里,比武大赛不断地发展变化。作为一种社会活动,比武大赛之所以能长期存在,原因是多方面的,骑士们出于各种愿望和目的积极参加这项活动是其能够长期存在的根本原因。     

Unmet service needs of families of young children with chronic illnesses and disabilities

Data about health and educational services were collected from 187 families with young children (under two years) who have chronic illnesses and disabilities. The purpose was to assess parents' satisfaction with services their families received and to identify families' unmet service needs as well as the reasons for these unmet needs. Although families' ratings of the adequacy of services are relatively high, 28% of the families report unmet service needs. The unmet needs most often reported are occupational, physical, or speech therapy; respite care/child care; and special education. Lack of funding is the most commonly given reason for unmet needs. Children with multiple impairments are at highest risk for unmet needs. Only 22% of unmet needs reported at the initial interview have been met by the time of the six-month follow-up. Increased coordination and monitoring of services across service sectors are indicated. Her research interests include the effects of disability on family identity and families' responses to minority stress. She received her Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota. She gratefully acknowledges Shelley Blazis and Nadav Casuto for statistical consulting. Her research interests focus on the impact of chronic illness and disability on families. She received her Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota. Her research interests include families and health and chronic illness and disability in children. She received her Ph.D. in Family Social Science at the University of Minnesota. His areas of interest include neurodevelopmental outcomes of low birth weight infants and training in developmental pediatrics. He was graduated from the University of Minnesota Medical School. His areas of interest include adolescents with chronic illness and disabilities, adolescent sexual decision making, and international adolescent health care issues. He was graduated from Howard University College of Medicine was awarded his earned doctorate in Health Policy from the University of Minnesota. Preparation of this article was supported by the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research Grant #H133890012.     

端木蕻良土地情结的心理透视

端木蕻良是东北作家群的重要成员,其作品中凝聚着对故乡土地的深沉而强烈的爱,有着极强的“土地情结”。端木蕻良的“土地情结”缘于他深刻的人生体验。本文试图从端木蕻良的忧郁与孤独的童年经验以及渴望回归土地的归依体验透示他“土地情结”的审美心理。     

《中学教师专业标准(试行)》对师范生培养方案改革的影响——以三所部属师范大学英语专业为例

《中学教师专业标准》的制定与试行对高校师范生培养产生了很大影响。为满足《标准》要求,很多高校都对师范生培养方案进行了改革。本文在研究《标准》的基础上详细对比三所部属师范大学英语专业师范生改革前后的培养方案,发现《标准》对它们的通识教育课程和教师教育课程分类影响较大。建议各校在制定英语专业师范生培养方案时深入研究《标准》,统一理解,加强教师教育课程建设,促使学科建设更加规范、标准。     

幼儿园开展0-3岁早期教育服务指导的现状调查与分析——以陕西省为例

采用问卷法,面向全省范围内的幼儿园及0-3岁婴幼儿家长进行问卷调研,了解已开展过0-3岁早期教育服务指导的幼儿园基本现状,以及幼儿园对于开展0-3岁早期教育服务指导的总体意愿;了解家长在0-3岁早期教育方面的需求及现状。调查分析发现,幼儿园超半数有开展0-3岁早期教育服务指导工作的意愿;幼儿园受家长认可、最突出的优势是“办园规范,值得信赖”;服务指导最主要形式为亲子活动和托班;政策、师资、资金是所需的主要支持。据此建议应及早出台相关具体政策规范幼儿园开展0-3岁早期教育指导服务,幼儿园也应从师资、形式、内容、场地、时间等方面提升专业性、兼顾灵活性以满足家长需求,幼儿园开展0-3岁早期教育指导服务应在先总结典型经验的基础上逐步推广。     

中华传统美德故事融入幼儿养成教育：内涵、价值与路径

中华优秀传统美德故事是开展幼儿养成教育的优质教育资源,将其融入幼儿养成教育蕴含的重要价值包括心理习惯养成、行为习惯养成和家国情怀养成。当前,传统美德故事融入幼儿养成教育面临着教师内生动力缺失造成的主观困境、家庭育人理念错位造成的现实困境、幼儿园和社会等外部推力不足造成的客观困境。对此,教师层面可以学思并重,加强相关知识学习;理实并进,提升相关专业能力;知行并修,开展主题实践活动;家庭层面可以观念重塑,树立德智并重教育观念;价值重拾,重视家庭美德教育价值;模式重构,构建家园深度互动机制;幼儿园与社会层面可以责任共担,明确幼儿养成教育目标责任体系;成效共评,健全幼儿养成教育综合评价体系;多方共育,扩大幼儿养成教育社会主体参与度。     

新西兰托幼一体化课程纲要介绍与启示

学前教育应当为儿童提供什么样的经验以及如何组织这些经验,将直接影响儿童的成长与发展。随着托幼一体化成为我国学前教育发展的趋势,寻求建设一体化课程体系的有效路径是我国亟须解决的问题。新西兰已建立起比较完善的托育在内的托幼一体化课程标准,从培养目标、内容、实施到评价等一系列经验,给世界各国提供了典型借鉴。目前,我国托幼一体化课程建设处于探索阶段,相关研究比较有限。本文通过解析新西兰托幼一体化课程纲要的逻辑起点和内容要素,以期为破解我国托幼一体化课程体系的建构提供思考方向。     

Afghan families and health professionals’ access to health information during and after pregnancy

BackgroundHaving a baby in a new country can be challenging, especially if unable to communicate in a preferred language. The aim of this paper is to explore the provision of health information for Afghan women and men during pregnancy, childbirth and the first year after birth in Melbourne, Australia.MethodsCommunity engagement underpinned the study design. Qualitative study with bicultural researchers conducting semi-structured interviews. Interviews and focus groups were also conducted with health professionals.ResultsSixteen Afghan women and 14 Afghan men with a baby aged 4–12 months participated. Thirty four health professionals also participated. Verbal information provided by a health professional with an interpreter was the most common way in which information was exchanged, and was generally viewed favourably by Afghan women and men. Families had limited access to an interpreter during labour and some families reported difficulty accessing an interpreter fluent in their dialect. Availability of translated information was inconsistent and health professionals occasionally used pictures to support explanations. Women and men were unsure of the role of health professionals in providing information about issues other than pregnancy and infant wellbeing.ConclusionBoth individual and health system issues hinder and enable the availability and use of information. Consistent, understandable and ‘actionable’ information is required to meet the needs of diverse families. Health professionals need to be supported with adequate alternatives to written information and access to appropriate interpreters. Inconsistent provision of information is likely to contribute to low health literacy and poor maternal and child health outcomes.     

Cooperation and preference by peers in early childhood: A longitudinal study

Children who are more proficient in cooperation with peers tend to be more preferred. To date, the development of peer cooperation has been studied mainly in two research traditions, one focusing on action coordination and the other focusing on interaction quality. Both aspects of cooperation are relevant for children's peer relations, but it is unclear whether both aspects of children's earliest cooperation skills predict their later preference by peers after the transition into organized social groups in school. In this study, we assessed coordination proficiency and interaction quality of 181 Dutch children longitudinally from 2 to 4 years of age. No relation between early action coordination and later preference by peers at school was found. However, especially in girls more affiliative and fewer antagonistic behaviors at the age of two predicted likeability among classmates at school at the age of four. The findings shine new light on the earliest foundations of children's peer evaluations.     

Adverse childhood experiences,post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms,and self-reported stress among traditional and nontraditional college students

Abstract

Objective: To investigate the relationships between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms (PTSD-S), and self-reported stress among college students. Participants: A total of 236 undergraduate students enrolled in nursing courses participated. Method: Using a correlational design, participants completed questionnaires online. To examine PTSD moderation between ACE and self-reported stress, multiple regression was employed. Stress outcomes were examined using a 4-group variable. Mean differences in stress response between these four groups were examined. Differences in ACE, PTSD-S, and stress response between traditional and nontraditional students were also examined. Results: PTSD-S moderated the relationship between ACEs, and self-reported stress. This indicates that students who report PTSD-S following childhood adversity perceive higher levels of stress. Nontraditional and traditional students differed in their responses to the ICLRE scale. Conclusion: Individuals who report PTSD-S following childhood adversity perceive higher levels of stress later in life. Stress reduction programs may be beneficial for students.