Total training load may explain similar strength gains and muscle hypertrophy seen in aged rats submitted to resistance training and anabolic steroids

This study aimed to quantify training parameters and analyze the morphological response of aged muscles submitted to resistance training and anabolic steroids. Aged Wistar rats were divided into groups: C – initial control; CF – final control; CAS – control with anabolic steroid, RT – resistance training, and RTA – resistance training with anabolic steroid. Maximum carried load, absolute and relative loads increased significantly in RT and RTA. RTA demonstrated greater relative load than RT. Average total volume, total climbing volume, relative total volume, relative total climbing volume, and mean climbing volume were similar between groups RT and RTA. For soleus, CAS, RT, and RTA enlarged cross-sectional area of type I fibers and nuclear ratio. As for type II fibers, RTA was higher than C and CF. For plantaris, RT and RTA showed significant increases in myofibers type I compared to C and CF. For type II fibers, RTA showed a significant increase compared to C and CF. Regarding the nuclear ratio, RT and RTA showed a higher ratio than C, CF, and CAS. Our results demonstrated that both RT and RTA were not different among the analyzed morphological parameters. This fact can be explained by the absence of differences found in the training variables analyzed.     

Indirect consumer activism and politics in the market

ABSTRACT

Social movement organizations use consumer activism to mobilize public pressure and cause economic or reputational damage to their target. However, current frameworks fail to explain why organizations would use indirect consumer activism: targeting one firm to elicit change from a third party. This paper aims to explain this choice, drawing upon theories of opportunity structures to explain why groups choose to use indirect strategies. I examine three campaigns using indirect strategies: US-based Grab Your Wallet and Sleeping Giants, and UK-based Stop Funding Hate. Groups use indirect strategies to reach inaccessible targets and to mobilize the public; these strategies help social movement organizations to raise public awareness at the beginning of a campaign. I conclude with some expectations for future research.     

Forum 1: Migrant climate in the Kinocene

ABSTRACT

In this intervention, I put forward five short theses on the topic of ‘Anthropocene mobilities.’ My aim is not to unpack every concept contained herein but rather to provide a provocative introductory synthesis of five big ideas about Anthropocene mobility for further discussion. 1) We are living in the Kinocene, 2) The ontology of our time is an ontology of motion, 3) We need a new movement-oriented political theory to grapple better with the mobile events of our time. We need a kinopolitics, 4) Climate change is a weapon of primitive accumulation. 5) The Kinocene presents us with the danger of new forms of domination (a new colonialism, a new climate capitalism, new states, and new borders) but also with the opportunity for a new revolutionary sequence.     

基于眼动认知负荷实验的知识地图可获取性研究

知识地图的可获取性是近年来越来越被重视的评价指标。采用E-Prime呈现视觉刺激材料,ASL眼动仪采集30名被试者的眼动实验数据,考察被试者的首视点在不同界面以及隐含分区的分布,用实验的手段证实了信息出现在界面的不同位置带给使用者的认知负荷不同。针对信息密集的知识地图,合理降低认知负荷是增强知识地图可获取性的有效途径。     

构建中国学派翻译理论：是否必要？有无可能？

建设中国特色翻译学的必要性体现在三个方面：一是向世界回答中国有没有翻译学的问题,解决一个民族虚无主义的问题.二是给历史一个交代,解决一个历史虚无主义的问题.三是为未来树立一个标的,回答中国翻译学的发展前途问题.关于有无“中国特色翻译学”的争议归根到底是由一个世纪来“整理国故”的方法论引起的.这个方法造成了三个后果：一是中国传统学术先天不足,二是中国传统学术天然地落后于西方,三是中国学术发展的唯一途径是不断由西方引进.而建设中国特色翻译学的途径只有从逆“整理国故”开始,反对“格义”式的以西律中,发掘本土资源,重建中国话语,与世界平等对话.     

抗战时期晋察冀边区诗歌运动情况概述

抗战时期的晋察冀诗歌运动是抗战文艺的重要组成部分,它是由战地社和铁流社等新诗团体、在军队和记者群中活跃的诗人群体以及燕赵诗社等旧体诗团体开展起来的。这些团体通过街头诗等运动形式一起促成了晋察冀文艺的发展,并推出了一些杰出的诗人和作品。本文力图在翔实的史料的基础上,运用文史结合的方法对抗战时期的晋察冀诗歌运动做一下整体概述,再现当时的诗歌运动盛况。     

宗教情怀与人文理性——论许地山的儒教观

许地山是20世纪初期较早从现代意义上对"儒"及儒教进行宏观审视的学者之一。依许地山,儒在源起上不应止于所谓的"殷民宗教者"而应推设到更为久远的史前时期。原初的儒,本身具有进一步转化成教门的潜能,社会的光景、师儒之职、加之"《书》的理想"促使儒的名号自孔子之后逐渐演变为一种特殊的教义,而儒教正统地位的确立、神学化儒教的生成也有其自身的情势和客观的缘由;作为"伦教运动"的儒教比作为"神教运动"的儒教更合乎情理,故儒教在未来若欲成为一"新宗教",必定要有"社会灵魂",能切实抓住生活的根源,也还要在人群上寻求"更高的联络";现代儒家若能"谋诸宗教的沟通",用"宋儒的精神"以整理儒教的旧教义,就能使之成为一"高尚的宗教"。许地山的儒教观是其宗教情怀与人文理性精神的集中体现,对于儒学的现代开展具有十分重要的提示意义。     

农村人民公社化运动失败原因探析

农村人民公社化运动是中国共产党尝试迅速建成社会主义并向共产主义过渡的一次建设社会主义的积极探索,但由于目标虚无、方法欠妥、违背了客观经济规律、没有从根本上弄清楚“什么是社会主义、怎样建设社会主义”这个社会主义建设的首要的根本问题,人民公社化运动最终归于失败。     

Social construction of national identity: Taiwanese versus Chinese consciousness

The struggle to break away from the parent state and claim independence often results in political unrest, terrorist activities and even ethnic cleansing. Understanding the nature of the secessionist movement does not only preserve national unity, but can also avoid conflict and violence, and maintain peace. Irredentist and secessionist advocators generally defend themselves in terms of common blood, race or culture. None of them regards the issue from the human agency theory, namely Weber-Thomas-Berger's social construction theory. This paper uses phenomenological analysis to explain the origin of national identity and hence the emergence of a nation. It argues that social construction of national reality originates from everyday life experience taken for granted during socialization. Individuals make sense of the external world. Experiences taken for granted become the actor's stock of knowledge. A common scheme of knowledge shared by the community serves to differentiate in-group (nationals) and out-group (foreigners). Collective consciousness thus defines national identity and hence a nation. Unless people (both in-group and out-group) interact with and learn from each other, different stocks of knowledge taken for granted will create political conflict. This theory is applied to the Taiwan Strait conflict. People in Taiwan are searching for national identity, manifested in the processes of Sinicization and Taiwanization. The struggle between Chinese and Taiwanese consciousness is the underlying cause of conflict within Taiwan and across the Taiwan Strait. The growing tendency of Taiwanization and diminution of Sinicization in Taiwan render the Cross-Strait relation vulnerable. The paper concludes that Cross-Strait exchanges and communication provide opportunities for people to understand each other and re-define their national identity, hence resulting in a peaceful political resolution between Taiwan and mainland China.     

中国三代直系家庭变迁:年龄、时期、队列视角的观察

发掘中国社会特有的家庭结构变迁模式是理解中国家庭变动特征的关键,也是许多研究所关注的焦点。本研究基于9期的中国营养追踪调查(1989-2011)数据,利用分层交叉年龄、时期和队列效应模型观察我国三代直系家庭在三个时间维度上的演变趋势。研究发现在年龄维度上婴幼儿以及老年阶段仍然拥有较高的三代直系家庭比例,这体现了直系家庭在抚幼和养老方面发挥的重要功能。在时期维度上三代直系家庭比例并没有展示出显著的变化趋势。相较于时期,嵌入社会变迁中的队列趋势是三代直系家庭结构变迁更为重要的驱动力。队列的三代直系家庭比例在整体上呈现出U型趋势,较老的队列处于直系家庭的可能性逐渐下降,而幼儿队列处于直系家庭的可能性不断上升。该趋势代表了老龄群体的"去直系化"与幼儿群体的"直系化"倾向。研究结果表明,在私人领域,经济的发展和观念的转变这些现代化因素仍然在促成家庭的小型化;在公共领域由于家庭职能(抚幼和养老)在向社会职能转变过程中的波折与分化,个体家庭会调整结构形态以应对不同阶段社会资源与风险的变化,从而塑造出了我国三代直系家庭结构的变迁模式。这不仅仅代表了传统和现代的博弈与融合,更是代表了一种家庭的实用主义倾向。