Impact of methods for reducing respondent burden on personal network structural measures

We examine methods for reducing respondent burden in evaluating alter–alter ties on a set of network structural measures. The data consist of two sets, each containing 45 alters from respondent free lists: the first contains 447 personal networks, and the second 554. Respondents evaluated the communication between 990 alter pairs. The methods were (1) dropping alters from the end of the free-list, (2) randomly dropping alters, (3) randomly dropping links, and (4) predicting ties based on transitivity. For some measures network structure is captured with samples of less than 20 alters; other measures are less consistent. Researchers should be aware of the need to sample a minimum number of alters to capture structural variation.     

THE CHOICE BETWEEN SETS OF REGRESSORS

This paper examines the choice of critical values for testing both non-sequential and nested sequential sets of constraints in the standard linear regression model. Modest increases in (e.g.) t-ratio critical values relative to their one-off values are often sufficient to maintain proper size. A Bayesian decision-theoretic approach, highlighted by the Schwarz (1978) criterion, provides a framework for deriving consistency and asymptotic local power properties of both forms of testing (data mining) algorithms.     

‘My dad hangs out of helicopter doors and takes pictures of oil platforms': Children's accounts of parental work in the oil and gas industry

Against the backdrop of the acceleration in pace of work and family life over the last decade, and the accompanying intensification of the work-family debate, this paper argues for the need to include children as stakeholders in the work-family debate. The ethnographic study on which this paper is based brings together children, family, work and community to explore interrelationships between workplace change, parental employment and family life in the oil and gas industry in Scotland. This paper focuses specifically on children's accounts of parental work and the work-family interface. Children, aged 8-12, were seen in schools and at home. Eight focus groups were conducted in two primary schools with 33 children. Nineteen of the families of these children participated in follow-up home interviews, in which 21 focus group children and a further 21 children (siblings, cousins and friends) were seen at home. Multiple methods were used: pictures and photographs of 'work', drawings, a poem, vignettes, word games, and a 'life mode technique'. The paper discusses children's concepts of 'work'; children's knowledge of parental work and the oil industry; children's perceptions of the impact of work on their parents; children's accounts of the effects of parental work on them and the importance of 'family time'; children's own work aspirations; and children's views and values about involvement, communication and decision making regarding parental work. Similarities and differences between children's accounts are highlighted. Sobre el telón de fondo del aumento de paso del trabajo y de la vida familiar en esta última década, y la intensificación del debate 'trabajo/familia' que lo acompaña, este artículo aboga por lo necesidad de incluir a los niños como partes interesadas en tal debate. El estudio etnográfico sobre el cual se basa este artiículo reune a los niños, la familia, el trabajo y la comunidad para explorar las interrelaciones entre el cambio de lugar del trabajo, el empleo de los padres y la vida familiar en la industria petrolera y del gas natural en Escocia. Este artículo se centra específicamente en las cuentas de unos niños del trabajo de los padres y de la interrelación entre el trabajo y la familia. Se entrevistaron a unos niños de 8—12 anos de edad en la escuela y en casa. Se realizaron ocho grupos de enfoque con 33 niños en dos escuelas de estudios primarios. De las familias de estos niños, 19 participaron en entrevistas de seguimiento, en las cuales 21 niños de los grupos de enfoque y 21 niños más (hermanos, primos y amigos,) fueron entrevistados en casa. Se emplearon múltiples métodos: ilustraciones y fotografías de ‘trabajo', dibujos, un poema, estampas, juegos con palabras y una ‘técnica modo de vida'. El artículo trata de los conceptos de los niños del trabajo; los conocimientos de los niños del trabajo de los padres y de la industria petrolera; las percepciones de los niños del efecto del trabajo en sus padres; las cuentas de los niños de los efectos del trabajo de los padres en los mismos niños y de la importancia del ‘tiempo para la familia'; las propias aspiraciones del los niños acerca del trabajo; y los puntos de vista y los valores de los niños sobre la participación, la comunicación y la toma de decisiones acerca del trabajo de los padres. Se ponen del relieve los elementos en común y las diferencias entre las cuentas de los niños.     

经营性水电站PROT项目资本结构研究

提出用PROT创新项目融资模式解决目前经营性中小水电站存在的一系列问题，提出了资本结构是影响项目成功与否的重要因素；介绍了PROT水电站开发创新模式及资本结构的理论内涵，分析了PROT水电项目中合理的资本结构对项目价值的影响及在PROT水电项目资本结构决策中的影响因素，构建了水电站PROT最佳资本结构模型以降低PROT项目财务风险，获得最大投资回报，从而提高项目价值，为水电站PROT项目创新模式的成功运行提供保障。     

公众满意结构的初步研究

本文在对相关研究进行述评的基础上,通过预调查编制公众满意结构调查问卷,对1566名成年人的正式调查表明,我国的公众满意主要包含七个因子:政府形象、社会安全、经济调控、教育就业与保健、人文生态保护、国际参与和民主政治;调查数据显示上述七因子受公众关注的程度存在着差异。研究结果为公众满意的测评内容提供了一个框架,也为公共行政的工作重点提供了参考。     

A case-based distance method for screening in multiple-criteria decision aid

Screening is a process of multiple-criteria decision aid (MCDA) in which a large set of alternatives is reduced to a smaller set that most likely contains the best choice. We propose screening using a distance model calibrated on the basis of the decision-maker's own judgement. Viewing MCDA as preference aggregation based on consequence data, we define consequence and preference expressions (values and weights) and describe how they are aggregated. Then we define screening and explain some of its properties. Using an appropriate definition of distance, our case-based distance method screens a set of alternatives using criterion weights and a distance threshold obtained by quadratic optimization using the decision-maker's selection of alternatives from a test set. This case-based method can elicit the decision maker's preferences more expeditiously and accurately than direct inquiry. An application in water supply planning is used to demonstrate the procedure.     

长三角产业结构变动与经济增长比较分析

产业结构及其变动在很大程度上推动或制约着经济增长，在不同时期和不同地区，产业结构的演进对经济增长的绩效是不一样的。文章首先对长三角三大区域的产业结构变动从产出和就业两个层面进行了详细的分析和测算，然后从结构效应的角度，就结构变动对经济增长的贡献，作了一般分析和规范分析。分析结果表明：改革开放以来，长三角三大区域产业结构与经济增长之间具有十分明显的正相关性，且就三大区域之间的比较来看，产业结构高级化的提升速度与初期产业结构水平之间具有负相关性，即三大区域间产业结构存在收敛的趋势。     

经济新常态下混合所有制的改革方式与推进要点--基于正和博弈的视域

十八届三中全会以来,混合所有制被视为推动国资国企改革的加速器。而混合所有制并非新提法,党的十四届三中全会就已提出混合经济的思想。文章认为当下重提混合所有制是为了巩固基本经济制度,促进非公有制经济发展,让国民共享经济发展成果。混合所有制不是“国退民进”、或“国进民退”的零和博弈,而是可以实现“国民共进”的正和博弈。在经济新常态的背景下,深化混合所有制改革是不断提高国有经济的活力、控制力、影响力的重要手段,应用正和博弈的思维看待混合所有制改革,采取渐进分类分拆的方式推进混合所有制改革,而改革的关键点在于建立规范化的法人治理结构。     

Unit Root Tests in the Presence of Multi-Variance Break and Level Shifts That Have Power Against the Piecewise Stationary Alternative

Structural breaks in the level as well as in the volatility have often been exhibited in economic time series. In this paper, we propose new unit root tests when a time series has multiple shifts in its level and the corresponding volatility. The proposed tests are Lagrangian multiplier type tests based on the residual's marginal likelihood which is free from the nuisance mean parameters. The limiting null distributions of the proposed tests are the χ²distributions, and are affected not by the size and the location of breaks but only by the number of breaks.

We set the structural breaks under both the null and the alternative hypotheses to relieve a possible vagueness in interpreting test results in empirical work. The null hypothesis implies a unit root process with level shifts and the alternative connotes a stationary process with level shifts. The Monte Carlo simulation shows that our tests are locally more powerful than the OLSE-based tests, and that the powers of our tests, in a fixed time span, remain stable regardless the number of breaks. In our application, we employ the data which are analyzed by Perron (1990), and some results differ from those of Perron's (1990).     

关于农业结构调整市场化的思考

90年代后期以来,我国农产品实现了由长期短缺到总量基本平衡,丰年有余的战略性转变,农业发展从过去主要受资源约束转向受资源、市场双重约束,并以市场约束为主,为此,农业和农村经济结构必须进行战略性调整。