联合国在国际社会中的作用

联合国自创立伊始就成为国际关系中的一项核心制度.从联合国对使用武力的限制、维和和监督行动的迅速扩展、围绕安理会改革的争议及其对国际标准和准则的倡导等四个方面来看,联合国发挥了不可替代的作用,而且仍将在国际社会的转型过程中发挥重要作用.     

论环境法律规范的有效性

环境法律规范的有效性研究对于理性地分析现行的环境保护法律,具有重要意义;也能建立一个理论分析的框架,用以解释很多在以往看似支离破碎、毫无关联的问题。现行环境法律原则存在的问题包括:目的原则(环境保护和经济发展的二元论)之间的抵触;结构性法律原则(环境正义)的缺失;(纯粹)意识形态性法律原则(例如人权原则)没有发挥其在环境保护中应有的作用。此外,还存在环境法律规则的漏洞,环境法律规则之间的抵触,以及环境法律原则与环境法律规则的抵触。达致环境法律规范的体系有效性,应重视法律原则的提炼,环境法律规范的统一和秩序,环境法律规则与原则的协调以及环境问题作为环境法研究起始点的设定。     

Everybody's Doin' It (Right?): Neighborhood Norms and Sexual Activity in Adolescence

A neighborhood’s normative climate is linked to, but conceptually distinct from, its structural characteristics such as poverty and racial/ethnic composition. Given the deleterious consequences of early sexual activity for adolescent health and well-being, it is important to assess normative influences on youth behaviors such as sexual debut, number of sex partners, and involvement in casual sexual experiences. The current study moves beyond prior research by constructing a measure of normative climate that more fully captures neighborhood norms, and analyzing the influence of normative climate on behavior in a longitudinal framework. Using recently geo-coded data from the Toledo Adolescent Relationships Study (TARS), we analyze the effect of normative climate on adolescents’ sexual behaviors. Results indicate that variation in neighborhood normative climates increases adolescents’ odds of sexual debut and casual sex, and is associated with their number of sex partners, even after accounting for neighborhood structural disadvantage and demographic risk factors.     

Preferences,constraints, and the process of sex segregation in college majors: A choice analysis

The persistence of horizontal sex segregation in higher education continues to puzzle social scientists. To help resolve this puzzle, we analyze a sample of college entrants in Germany with a discrete choice design that allows for social learning from the experiences of others. We make at least two contributions to the state of research. First, we test whether essentialist gender stereotypes affect major selection mostly through internalization or rather as external constraints that high school graduates adapt their behavior to. Empirically, we find that internalized vocational interests better explain gendered major choices than conformance with friends' and parents' expectations does. Second, we scrutinize whether segregation results from women's anticipation of gendered family roles or from their anticipation of sex-based discrimination, but we find no evidence for either of these hypotheses. As in most previous studies, differences in mathematics achievement fail to explain gendered patterns of selection into college majors.     

The Theory of Conditionality: An Illustration of the Place of Norms in the Field of Social Thinking

In the field of the central core theory of social representations, research which has focused on the normative aspects is relatively recent as it dates back little more than ten years. The theory of conditionality which developed from research into the periphery of representation results from this. It is a particularly fruitful theory to explain “normative latitudes” and the behaviour accruing to them. One of the particularities of these works stresses the importance of linking the normative aspects with specific methods and/or analyses. In this paper, we will illustrate it via a specific tool developed in the field of traffic psychology: the Conditional Script Questionnaire (CSQ). This approach makes it possible to highlight the interactions between two systems of norms: the legal system and the social system. The implication of norms is fundamental in different processes already studied such as social influence or identity processes, and this article can be considered as an illustration of the place of norms in the field of social thinking.     

Who is dropped and why? Methodological and substantive accounts for network loss

High rates of egocentric network turnover are frequently observed but not well explained. About 1000 respondents to the UCNets survey named an average of 10 names in each of two waves a year apart. Consistent with prior studies, respondents in wave 2 failed to relist about half of the names they provided in wave 1. Asked why, respondents explained that they had forgotten the alter for about 40 percent of the missing names. Other common answers, such as no “occasion… to be in touch,” also suggest that the true rate of alters being dropped is probably under 20 percent. Multilevel logit models identified the predictors of alters being dropped (neither relisted nor forgotten) versus retained. Immediate kin were likeliest to be retained and roommates, coworkers, and acquaintances to be dropped. Alters who provided companionship, confiding, advice, and emergency help were especially likely to be retained, as were those to whom respondents felt close. Little about the respondents themselves affected drop rates: having moved recently, having a close friend die, or having had an important relationship break up. Results are consistent with the argument that a tie’s degree of constraint (notably being close family) and its balance of rewards determine the likelihood of it being dropped or demoted.     

从两个国家标准看汉语的词

随着《汉语拼音方案》应用范围的日益扩大,理论语言学,中文信息处理等领域迫切要求目前的汉语分词规范基本达成一致,应该重新整合目前关于词的种种概念,普及正词法思想,完善、修订《汉语拼音正词法基本规则》以及《信息处理用现代汉语分词规范》,为汉语分词的进一步研究提供语言学上的理论统一基础,最终使汉语信息处理以及资源开发得到更有效的标准。     

The Welfare State and the Life Course: Examining the Interrelationship between Welfare Arrangements and Inequality Dynamics

The transformation of welfare state arrangements in European countries during the last two decades can not only be described as realizing an activating welfare state, but also as centred on specific life course transitions which are considered as critical. A number of new welfare arrangements have been set up or older ones have been modified taking into account the critical phases of the life course. These new welfare arrangements attribute new rights over resources to well‐specified groups in terms of their life course events. The article first presents a selective overview of new welfare arrangements which are (in explicit or implicit ways) linked to specific phases and transitions of the life course in the different European countries; and, second, it analyzes the consequences of these new welfare arrangements on inequality. These arrangements establish (mostly implicitly) norms, which appear to define a role of an active, responsible and ‘able’ employee and citizen for everybody. However, the general starting positions of various groups of the population (such as women) and the existing welfare provisions constitute an obstacle to providing equal starting positions and an equal opportunity for pursuing one's life course according to the established norms. Therefore, the effects of these new welfare arrangements can have significant impacts on outcomes, and can therefore transform substantially the existing picture of inequalities.     

企业人权责任的新发展——从2003年《责任准则》草案到2011年《指导原则》

在现代社会,工商企业的经营活动对于人权的实现和维护产生着重要影响,企业人权责任问题也日益受到重视。2003年《跨国公司和其他工商企业在人权方面的责任准则》草案试图直接为包括跨国公司在内的各种商业实体规定强制性的人权责任,但因各方之间的分歧最终未能获得通过。经过随后的多年酝酿,联合国人权理事会于2011年6月通过了一份《工商企业与人权:实施联合国"保护、尊重和补救"框架指导原则》,以"软法"的形式对工商企业如何尊重人权和预防其活动在人权方面的负面影响作了规定,对于推动企业人权责任国际规范的未来发展有着重要影响。     

2 TXT or not 2 TXT: College students’ reports of when text messaging is social breach

Evidence suggests that those who engage in text messaging, particularly young individuals, tend to text in what many people may deem socially inappropriate or odd situations, such as while speaking face-to-face with someone else, while at work, while in the shower, or even while having sex. The present study investigates whether young texters are creating a new etiquette where these are socially acceptable practices or whether they deem these practices to be social breaches, but do it anyway. The data support the latter; college students report texting in many situations they did not deem socially acceptable. The importance of texting to this generation and future research directions are discussed.