对土地及相关资源立体管理的法律制度思考

资源的有效利用是当今社会人类所面临的主要问题之一。近年来理论界对如何建立资源的产权问题及资源权的行使方式等讨论的比较多,但对于资源权行使过程中出现的关联性问题则较少论及。本文从土地资源在资源体系中的核心地位入手,充分考虑各种自然资源在自然属性及法律属性上的关联性,提出借鉴建筑物区分所有权制度建立土地区分使用权制度。这种对土地及相关资源的立体管理模式的建立,有利于提高对各种资源的利用效率。     

博弈论在邮件特征选择中的应用

特征选择在垃圾邮件过滤中起着十分重要的作用,本文分析讨论了现有邮件特征选择方法所存在的不足,并在此基础上,提出一种基于博弈论的邮件特征选择模型。该模型将博弈论应用于邮件特征选择中,以达到约减信息规模,提高垃圾邮件过滤效率的目的。在设计特征选择模型时,考虑到邮件样本自身的模糊隶属性对特征选择所产生的影响,在特征点对邮件类别的区分度定义中,通过引入由相融性度量定义的样本模糊隶属度函数,提高博弈邮件特征选择模型对实际问题的处理能力。在CDSCE语料库上的实验表明,该邮件特征选择模型的性能优于同类其他特征选择方法,验证了该邮件特征选择模型的有效性。     

农村合作经济组织的组织形式、问题及对策

中国农村合作经济组织良好的发展势头,已经开始把农业产业中的一部分弱势群体带动起来,使长期困扰中国农业和农村经济发展中的一些困难和问题有了新的解决思路。文章在大量的调查研究和项目实践的基础上,对我国当前农村合作经济的组织形式以及各类组织建设中存在的共性问题和个性问题进行分析,以探讨解决这些问题的对策。     

Leader-member exchange as a linking pin in the idiosyncratic deals - Performance relationship in workgroups

In the current investigation, idiosyncratic deals (i-deals; individualized work arrangements) are modeled as differentiated resources that shape leader-member exchange (LMX) relationships in workgroups. We integrate literature on leader-member exchange (LMX) with research on i-deals to argue that employee evaluations of i-deals received from the grantor –typically the leader- enhance employee perceptions of LMX, which in turn become instrumental in generating positive performance outcomes. Furthermore, because workgroup characteristics have potential implications on the relationship between a deal grantor and the deal recipient, drawing upon social identity theory of leadership, we reason that the i-deals-LMX relationship is affected by the overall value congruence among the group members. Cross-level moderated mediation analyses on multi source data obtained from 289 employees nested in 60 workgroups showed that the mediational role of LMX in the i-deals to performance outcomes relationship was weaker in high value congruence groups.     

Transparency tested: The influence of message features on public perceptions of organizational transparency

The concept of transparency has been promoted within the public relations and business literature as both ethical and advantageous; however, the effectiveness of transparency is seldom empirically put to the test. In particular, the use of clarity, disclosure, and accuracy in organizational messages needs to be empirically examined. To this end, we conducted an online experiment using a 2 (high vs. low message transparency) x 2 (news story placed before or after an organizational statement) between-subjects design. Participants (n?=?357) perceived organizations as more transparent and credible when exposed to messages exhibiting greater levels of clarity, disclosure, and accuracy as opposed to messages that did not. Placement of an information anchor in the form of an objective news story before the organizational message increased the perceived organizational transparency when messages employed transparent design features and decreased the perceived organizational transparency when messages did not use these features. These results provide significant implications for practitioners attempting to convey organizational transparency at the tactical level through message features.     

Estimating the effects of network covariates on subgroup insularity with a hierarchical mixed membership stochastic blockmodel

Social networks describe the relationships and interactions among a group of individuals. In many peer relationships, individuals tend to associate more often with some members than others, forming subgroups or clusters. Subgroup structure varies across networks; subgroups may be insular, appearing distinct and isolated from one another, or subgroups may be so integrated that subgroup structure is not visually apparent, and there are numerous ways of quantifying these types of structures. We propose a new model that relates the amount of subgroup integration to network attributes, building on the mixed membership stochastic blockmodel (Airoldi et al., 2008) and subsequent work by Sweet and Zheng (2017) and Sweet et al. (2014). We explore some of the operating characteristics of this model with simulated data and apply this model to determine the relationship between teachers’ instructional practices and their classrooms’ peer network subgroup structure.     

Declining inter-industry wage dispersion in the US

Industrial effects have long been significant factors in wage inequality. Previous research indicates that wage differentials across industries were increasing through the mid 1980s. Using more recent data, however, we find that the level of inter-industry wage dispersion declined by 36% from 1986 to 2002 despite the continued trend towards increasing inequality in the labor force. This decline in inter-industry wage dispersion is evident across gender and educational groups. Using multilevel growth curve models, our multivariate results indicate that the decline is only weakly related to industrial changes in education, occupation or even productivity despite the fact that the latter variable had been a critical factor in the prior period. Indicators of globalization and downsizing also do not appear to explain this decline. For the more recent period, the most important factors associated with the narrowing of inter-industry wage dispersion are reduced unionization rates and the higher proportion of casual workers. We interpret these results as suggesting that firms may now be less economically obliged to pass on a portion of their rents to broad groups of workers and may instead be engaged in more idiosyncratic processes of negotiation with individual workers based on micro-level sources of bargaining power.     

Organizational ecology of immigrant employment and organizational buffer zones: Who leaves first when the organization gets into trouble?

Using data from the German social insurance system immigrant employment in organizational buffer zones will be investigated from an organizational ecology perspective. Theories in organization and labor market research predict higher exit rates of employees holding jobs in buffer zones. These buffer zones protect organizations from unfavorable environmental turbulences. Consequently, analyzing the impact of buffer zone employment on job stability of immigrants requires a fully dynamic approach, which goes beyond a mere identification of generally increased turnover rates of immigrants.In the first step, determinants of organizational dissolution rates will be estimated. In order to obtain a dynamic measurement of unfavorable environmental conditions, the model includes both organizational and time-varying environmental characteristics of organizational populations. This will be done by using a three-level mixed-effects hazard model controlling for observed and unobserved environmental characteristics. In the second step, dissolution rates predicted in the first step will be used as an explanatory variable. These rates indicate the degree of enactment of the flexible buffer zone. It will be shown that immigrants have indeed higher turnover rates, but they tend to remain longer in their organizations when environmental conditions deteriorate—and they are not those who leave first when the organization gets into trouble.     

Hard and Soft Commitments to Human Rights Treaties, 1966–20001

What factors determine whether and how deeply countries will commit to the international human rights regime? Using data for up to 142 countries between 1966 and 2000, this article analyzes patterns of membership to the International Human Rights Covenants. The analysis produced two main conclusions. First, the potential costs associated with joining a treaty, rather than its substantive content, motivates the decision to join. Treaties that protect different rights but establish comparable implementation mechanisms exhibit similar patterns of membership, whereas treaties that protect identical rights but establish different implementation provisions exhibit dissimilar patterns of membership. Second, rates of treaty membership differ by level of commitment. Countries that sign human rights treaties differ from countries that ratify. Results are interpreted with respect to four theories of commitment and compliance: realism, liberalism, constructivism, and sociological institutionalism. Theories that emphasize the importance of a treaty’s costs (realism and institutionalism) fare better than theories that prioritize a treaty’s content (liberalism and constructivism).     

区域性农村妇女土地权益保护的实证研究--以福建省宁德市为例

随着农村改革的逐步推进,农村妇女的土地权益保护显得日益重要,2014年中央一号文件也明确要求“切实维护妇女的土地承包权益”。通过采取问卷调查、实地走访的形式,了解宁德市农村妇女的土地权益状况和司法审判状况,分析存在的问题,指出可以由地方政府、人大或人大常委会规范集体成员资格认定的具体标准,同时加强对村规民约的指导、监督,强化司法救济,实现对妇女土地权益的最大限度保护。