Estimating the exponential reliability function for a system in series with type II censored data

The problem of estimating the one parameter exponential reliability function for a system composed of l componentes in series is considered. Under the type II censoring scheme, the Bayes nature of the minimum variance unbiased estimator is demonstrated and the admissibility of related generalized Bayes estimators is established. For the one component case, the best unbiased estimator is admissible.     

Multi-step variance minimization in sequential tests

We introduce a multi-step variance minimization algorithm for numerical estimation of Type I and Type II error probabilities in sequential tests. The algorithm can be applied to general test statistics and easily built into general design algorithms for sequential tests. Our simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithm is particularly useful for estimating tail probabilities, and may lead to significant computational efficiency gains over the crude Monte Carlo method.     

论沈约的史学思想

沈约以发展变易思想审视历史，把历史看成持续不断的发展过程，看到后代对前代的因革损益，认识到历史上许多事物都具有相对性；又以天人感应思想思考历史，将君主受命视为天意，以阴阳灾异解释历史现象。沈约还以民本思想为依据考察历史演变，看到了民心对于巩固统治的作用，主张治理天下要行善政，肯定那些因民、顺民官吏的业绩。他对人物的评价受到玄学思想的一定影响，但主要是以儒家伦理为依据。     

Personality preferences in laboratory economics experiments

Student volunteers at the U.S. Naval Academy (USNA) participated in one of the following one-shot games: a dictator game, an ultimatum game, a trust game, or a prisoner's dilemma game. We find limited support for the importance of personality type for explaining subjects’ decisions. With controls for personality preferences, we find little evidence of behavioral differences between males and females. Furthermore, we conclude that seniority breeds feelings of entitlement—seniors at USNA generally exhibited the least cooperative or other-regarding behavior.     

谈话语体依赖于语境的语言特色

谈话语体是最主要的语体类型之一。它主要活跃在人们的日常口语当中。从古至今,采用口耳相传的方式代代传承下来,积淀着传统的语言习惯和深厚的文化内涵。它对于语境的依赖远大于其它的语体,显示出很多属于自己的语言特色。     

Personality and coping as moderators of work stress processes: Models, methods and measures

This article reviews the role of individual differences in work stress processes, with particular reference to personality and coping as moderator variables. Vulnerability/resilience and person-environment fit (congruence) models of moderator effects are contrasted and relevant issues of methodology and analysis are outlined. Personality traits (locus of control, hardiness, Type A, optimism, and neuroticism) that act as moderators of stress/strain relations are reviewed; the characteristics and limitations of available measures are described. Associations between personality and coping, inventories for the assessment of coping, and the dimensions of coping behaviour, are then considered. The implications of structural and transactional models of stress for coping assessment are discussed with reference to dispositional versus situational approaches and other psychometric issues. The need for research into coping flexibility and consistency is emphasized. No attempt is made to provide a comprehensive account of empirical research into individual difference moderator effects, but relevant review articles are cited, together with some recent studies. Finally, several areas which would merit further attention (including specificity of moderator effects, conjunctive and disjunctive patterns, and moderation of relations between objective and perceived stressors) are identified.     

人格与政治：政治心理学领域核心关系分析

人格与政治是政治心理学领域中的一对核心关系。有关人格对政治行为影响的假设，可以追溯到柏位图有关促进对政体具有支持性作用的人格成长的关切之中。这一假设经由拉斯韦尔的开创性的政治学阐释而获得了普遍的专业认可。然而政治学的一般研究却往往忽视人的因素对政治过程的影响。阐明人格与政治的关系有利于进一步深化政治学的研究。醉从基本概念的分析入手，对这一关系进行了尝试性研究。     

宋代士人的人格精神与“道”

本文在文化历史的背景上,论证分析了有宋一代文化士人人格精神的根源和动因,指出宋代高扬的人格精神与历史中知识分子的价值观念、生存环境的演变等等有着内在的联系。     

论纵向比较观察法在师范生创意写作教学中的运用

观察之于写作意义非凡,不仅对写作动机与内容起决定作用,还对作品的审美价值与社会价值起着关键作用。目前很多师范生平时不重视对观察能力的培养,或者观察不得法,从而严重制约了作品的质量。纵向比较观察法的有效运用有益于创意写作的开展,促进学生的个性表达。     

Moral character: What it is and what it does

Moral character can be conceptualized as an individual's disposition to think, feel, and behave in an ethical versus unethical manner, or as the subset of individual differences relevant to morality. This essay provides an organizing framework for understanding moral character and its relationship to ethical and unethical work behaviors. We present a tripartite model for understanding moral character, with the idea that there are motivational, ability, and identity elements. The motivational element is consideration of others – referring to a disposition toward considering the needs and interests of others, and how one's own actions affect other people. The ability element is self-regulation – referring to a disposition toward regulating one's behavior effectively, specifically with reference to behaviors that have positive short-term consequences but negative long-term consequences for oneself or others. The identity element is moral identity—referring to a disposition toward valuing morality and wanting to view oneself as a moral person. After unpacking what moral character is, we turn our attention to what moral character does, with a focus on how it influences unethical behavior, situation selection, and situation creation. Our research indicates that the impact of moral character on work outcomes is significant and consequential, with important implications for research and practice in organizational behavior.