Biochemical assessment and differentiation of mental and physical effort

Evaluation of mental effort under industrial conditions encounters both methodological and practical problems mainly because of lack of appropriate indices and difficulties in differentiation between body responses to physical and mental effort.

This paper presents a review of laboratory and field research from our laboratories aimed at finding objective indices for discrimination between body responses to mental and physical effort. The laboratory data show that urinary noradrenaline/adrenaline (NA/A) ratio decreases in response to mental tasks and increases in response to physical tasks. Under industrial conditions the predominating component of effort (mental or physical) evokes body response similar to that found during laboratory experiments. Re-analysis of data published in various other papers shows the same pattern of body response.

Another possible index for assessment of effort seems to be salivary cortisol which increases in response to both mental and physical tasks. Its deviations from the circadian pattern of excretion may represent a potential criterion for assessment of the emotional component of mental effort.     

Organizational changes at a postal sorting terminal—their effects upon work satisfaction, psychosomatic complaints and sick leave

This paper describes a longitudinal study evaluating organizational changes at a postal sorting terminal in Sweden. One hundred postal workers were followed up for 1 year after the changes were put in place. Information about psychosocial factors, sleep disturbances and gastrointestinal complaints were collected by questionnaires administered at the onset of the changes and at 8 and 12 months later. Sick leave during the 1-year follow up was compared with that during the year before the changes were introduced. A significant increase in skill discretion and in authority over decisions occurred during the study period. The reported increase in skill discretion and authority over decisions correlated with a reduction in difficulties with sleep and with gastrointestinal complaints. Changes in reported contact with team mates and superiors also correlated with changes in the reporting of sleep difficulties and gastrointestinal complaints. There was a significant reduction in sick leave. The results indicate that the organizational changes improved the quality of work and at the same time reduced sick leave and psychosomatic complaints.     

Social Services Provided for Physically Abused Children: A Four-Year Follow-Up Study in Sweden

This paper examines contacts that Swedish physically abused children have with the Department of Social Services (DSS) 4 years after a physical abuse incident has been reported to the police. The children’s files have been investigated in an effort to evaluate which child and parent characteristics led DSS to make interventions for the 69 children still in need of assistance, 4 years after the original abuse incident. Intervention by the DSS prior to the reported abuse incident increased the odds 18 times that a child would still receive interventions 4 years after the incident, and the presence of a mentally ill mother increased the odds 11 times.     

试谈体育教学中的"引导"

本文力图在对体育教学中如何“引导”学生进行正确的学习进行探讨，目的是让学生在实际的学习生活当中获得最佳的学习方法和最理想的效果。     

论体育文化在构建社会主义和谐社会中的作用

通过对体育文化与和谐社会的剖析,讨论了体育文化的特性及中西体育文化的异同以及它们与和谐社会的关系,并在此基础上着重分析新时期体育文化在构建和谐社会中的积极作用,即体育文化潜移默化地培养人们的道德观和思维方法;人类的和谐、社会的和谐均需要体育文化的丰富与持续发展。     

关于我国高校"学校体育"的目的和任务的探讨

学校体育是素质教育的重要内容 ,学校体育与健康教育对学生心理素质具有重要作用。学校体育的改革就是要改革以竞技运动为中心的体育课程、教材、教学过程 ,建立和形成面向全体学生、促进学生身心全面发展的体育健康课程 ,全面推进素质教育     

浅谈普通高校体育教学及改革措施

本文介绍了普通高校体育改革的重要性 ,并提出了改革的方法和采取的措施     

体育教师和同伴对初中生运动参与和体质健康的影响

为探索体育教师和同伴对初中生运动参与和体质健康的影响,对957名初中生进行了调查分析。主要结论:(1)体育教师主要通过体育教学影响初中生的运动参与,体育教学对初中生运动参与的影响普遍较高,但是影响程度受学生性别和对体育教师的喜欢程度影响。具体表现为体育教学对初中女生运动运动参与的影响高于男生,喜欢体育教师时体育教学对初中生运动参与影响较大,不喜欢体育教师时体育教学对初中生运动参与影响一般。(2)75.5%的初中生运动参与受同伴影响较大或很大,喜欢和同伴一起参加体育运动时,影响程度偏高,不喜欢时偏低。(3)57.3%的初中生认为体育教学对自己的体质健康有明显影响。无论是否喜欢体育教师,都有超过一半的初中生认为体育教学对自己的体质健康有影响,喜欢体育教师时,体育教学对初中生体质健康的影响偏大,不喜欢时影响偏小。(4)喜欢和同伴一起参加体育运动的初中生中,59.8%认为同伴对自己的体质健康影响较大;不喜欢和同伴一起参加体育运动的初中生中,87.0%认为同伴对自己的体质健康影响较小或没有影响。     

北京市高等院校实施《学生体质健康标准》模式的调查与研究

在对北京市55所高校进行调查的基础上,本文归纳出北京市高校实施《学生体质健康标准》的两种管理模式和六种测试模式,并对其进行分析研究,进一步提出了优化组合方案。     

Pathways to the Clinician’s Experience of Empathy in Engaging Single Mothers at Risk for Physical Abuse of their Children

Based upon an analysis of interviews from a qualitative study with twelve agency-based clinical social workers, this paper recounts three “situational pathways” through which these workers were able to experience empathy in the process of engaging low-income single mothers whose presenting picture involved physical aggression toward their symptomatic children who the workers were also seeing for therapy. The paper describes and utilizes self-psychological and intersubjective concepts to understand the therapeutic contexts that may enhance the worker’s potential for experientially understanding the client’s viewpoint. The relevance of the findings for practice and training is discussed.