积极心理学研究综述

积极心理学兴起仅十余年,已经形成一股世界性的研究热潮。整体来看,积极心理学研究主要集中在三个领域：积极情绪体验、积极人格特质和积极的社会组织系统。三个领域研究的发展并不均衡。国内的研究相对比较薄弱,还缺少有国际影响力的成果,本土化的研究有待加强。目前,积极心理学在研究的科学性和研究领域方面都存在不足。尽管如此,积极心理学未来的发展前景还很广阔。     

On Stein Identity,Chernoff Inequality,and Orthogonal Polynomials

In this article, we present a general method for deriving Stein-like identity and Chernoff-like inequality based on orthogonal polynomials. In order to illustrate our method, some applications are given with respect to normal, Gamma, Beta, Poisson, binomial, and negative binomial distribution, not only for random variables but also for random vectors, resulting corresponding Stein-like identity and Chernoff-like inequality are obtained consequently. Within our best knowledge, some of our matrix version results are new in the literature. In addition, forward difference formulae of Charlier polynomials, Krawtchouk polynomials and Meixner polynomials, Stein-like identity, and Chernoff-like inequality with respect to Beta distribution, as well as Rodrigues formula of Meixner polynomials are also prepared in the first time within our limited information. Interestingly, as far as normal, Gamma, Beta, Poisson, binomial, and negative binomial distribution are concerned, we found that their Stein-like identity and corresponding Chernoff-like inequality are related closely, by examining their Rodrigues formula.     

Isotropic Random Fields with the Von Kármán–Whittle Type Correlation Structure

This article proposes a subclass of stationary Gaussian or elliptically contoured random fields whose covariance functions are isotropic and are the linear combination of the von Kármán–Whittle structure. A particular example of this type of random fields is the so-called spartan random field recently appeared in the applied literature.     

信息租问题探析

信息租与信息寻租概念是揭示指数和信息经济时代企业集团,尤其是跨国企业集团行为的一个核心范畴。各国企业特别是跨国企业集团,不仅利用国别民族经济之间存在技术信息、管理信息等的不对称现象追逐利润,而且将信息不对称的市场格局标准化,从而攫取信息租金,造成世界国别民族经济中产品生产份额与价值实现份额的“大分流”现象。本研究从租金理论的古典论述入手,介绍租金理论的发端与成就;进而通过信息不对称的一般模型方式介绍信息租金的概念;最后给出作者关于信息租概念的广泛理解及政策规制的结论。     

School dropouts—They are not what they seem to be

Twenty-one ninth grade students at Carrigan Middle School identified as potential dropouts were divided into three equal groups, two experimental (GI and GII) and one control (GIII). The experimental groups were enrolled in the Positive Learning Program (PLP), a supportive program for potential dropouts. All groups were academically profiled for the past five years. All Ss retained their original major classes and teachers. The experimental groups, however, reported to the PLP teacher for homeroom and study. During these periods the students received academic and social support. Academics, attendance, and behavior were measured over three marking periods. The results showed significant improvement in academic performance. Although significance was not realized for attendance and behavior, there was a significant interaction indicating a change over time. It was also found that profiling could be used as a measure to identify potential dropouts.     

积极心理资本：西部农村教师资源稳定的本源

教师资源配置不平衡、教师队伍不稳定制约着西部农村教育的发展。积极心理资本从教师的自我效能、希望、乐观和韧性四个方面的改善和提高来阐释西部农村教师队伍稳定的内部驱力。     

论尼采的酒神精神

酒神精神是尼采的一个重要概念。本文论述这一概念的提出、含义及其在尼采哲学中的地位。认为这一概念的主旨在于提倡一种特殊的人生态度,即积极肯定人生,尤其是肯定生命的非理性方面。这一概念与尼采哲学的其它重要概念、原则有着本质的内在联系,其精神贯穿于尼采哲学的全部内容中,是尼采哲学的核心、“精髓”。     

Individuals’ power and their social network accuracy: A situated cognition perspective

Individuals differ in how accurately they perceive their social environment, but research and theory provide conflicting predictions on whether powerful people are more or less accurate than others. Drawing on social network theory and the situated cognition theory of power, we examine the relationship between individuals’ formal and informal power and their perceptual accuracy of social network relationships. We propose that individuals’ perceptual accuracy is related to: 1) their formal and informal power in the organization; 2) the type of relationship being perceived (positive/negative valence) and its relevance to task and goal completion; and 3) the dependence relationship with the target of perception (i.e., whether the perceiver is dependent on the perceived to get their work done). Predictions were tested using cognitive social structure data collected from a technical call center. Results showed that power was generally linked to increased perceptual accuracy, particularly for the types of relationships most relevant for task and goal completion. We further demonstrated that social network accuracy was related to employees’ outcomes, including subsequent transfer, promotion, and exit from the organization.