西部城市贫困与社会支持网缺失研究—以昆明为例

自20世纪90年代以来,城市贫困日益凸显并成为中国经济社会发展中的突出问题之一,西部地区更是如此。以昆明市为例,通过调查研究发现,社会支持网在西部城市反贫困中发挥着重要作用,但是西部城市贫困家庭社会支持网平均规模仅为2.33,远远小于全国9.1的平均水平。这表明西部城市贫困的产生与社会支持网缺失有着一定的联系。为此,构建完善的社会支持网成为西部地区城市反贫困的政策选择之一。     

Toward a Framework for Understanding Forces that Contribute to or Reinforce Racial Inequality

For many years social scientists have debated the role of social structure versus culture in explaining the social and economic outcomes of African Americans. The position that one takes often reflects ideological bias. Conservatives tend to emphasize cultural factors whereas liberals pay more attention to structural conditions, with most of the attention devoted to racialist structural factors such as discrimination and segregation. In this article I develop a framework for understanding the formation and maintenance of racial inequality and racial group outcomes that integrates cultural factors with two types of structural forces—those that directly reflect explicit racial bias and those that do not. In so doing, I hope to spark greater interest and dialogue in the research and policy arenas around a more holistic approach to poverty alleviation.

Food Stamp Program Participation Among Impoverished African Americans

This study identifies the characteristics of eligible African Americans who are not receiving food stamps. Secondary analysis of the American Community Survey focused on 14,443 African American citizens aged 18 and over who were living below the poverty line. Bivariate and logistic regression analyses were used to compare the 6,558 recipients of food stamps with the 7,885 non-recipients. Less than half of impoverished African American adults used food stamps in the previous year. Food stamp use was higher among females, younger respondents, and those who had not completed high school. FSP participation was associated with co-residing with children, receiving welfare benefits and reports of functional limitations. This study can inform food security activism and improved outreach to impoverished African Americans.     

On the contribution of sectoral natural population growth to the aggregate poverty change

This note extends the Ravallion and Huppi (World Bank Econ Rev 5(1):57–82, 1991) aggregate poverty change decomposition to account for the distinct contribution of migration and differential natural population growth between sectors to the aggregate poverty change. We apply our decomposition to three Least Developing countries. We find that accounting for sectoral difference in natural population growth has a considerable impact on national poverty change. Responsible editor: Alessandro Cigno     

The contribution of hour constraints to working poverty in Britain

We explore the implications of hours demand constraints on the propensity to experience poverty. Our analysis of British data suggests that whilst the extent of poverty increased over the period 1985–2001, its intensity, under some measures, declined. In terms of hours constraints, we find that even the most generous elimination of underemployment vis allowing workers to supply as many hours as they prefer (but not as few) without encountering any negative employment and/or hourly wage implications, leaves the poverty rate and poverty gap virtually unchanged.      

Neighborhood disorder and individual economic self-sufficiency: New evidence from a quasi-experimental study

This paper draws on data from the Monitoring Mt. Laurel Study, a new survey-based study that enables us to compare residents living in an affordable housing project in a middle-class New Jersey suburb to a comparable group of non-residents. Building on the theoretical and empirical contributions of the Gautreaux and Moving to Opportunity studies, we test the hypothesis that living in this housing project improves a poor person’s economic prospects relative to what they would have experienced in the absence of such housing, and that these improved prospects can be explained at least in part by reduced exposure to disorder and stressful life events. We find that residents in the Ethel Lawrence Homes are significantly less likely to experience disorder and negative life events and that this improvement in circumstances indirectly improves the likelihood of being employed, their earnings, and the share of income from work. We find no relationship between residence in the housing project and the likelihood of using welfare.     

小额信贷在西藏的实践评析

文章以通过长期演化而在世界范围内获得普遍认可的小额信贷典型机制和相应理论为规范,以实际调研获取的数据资料为佐证,力图规范分析和经验实证中国农业银行西藏自治区分行和西藏扶贫基金会在西藏农牧区开展小额信贷近10年所取得的成效.研究发现,在覆盖率和扶贫方面取得良好成效的同时,由于机构自身的性质和西藏农牧区经济的显著差异性,农行西藏分行和西藏扶贫基金会的小额信贷分别存在定位模糊、激励不足和拓展困难等问题.据此作者提出明确农行西藏分行的商业化定位,鼓励邮政银行西藏分行开展小额信贷以促进竞争和培育政策性小额信贷机构的政策建议.     

东部发达地区贫困治理机制创新与实践启示——基于江苏省泗阳县的调查

十三五期间,江苏围绕减少相对贫困、缩小收入差距、促进共同富裕的目标,在促进集体增收与农民增收良性互动、实行扶贫开发与社会保障相衔接等方面形成了一批行之有效的重要做法和成功经验。本文通过对宿迁国家扶贫改革试验区的调查,以泗阳为例,分析泗阳县扶贫改革路径、家门口就业脱贫模式及其成效。研究认为,泗阳县村集体经济和低收入农户增收同步发展及村级 “三资”中心管理方式对其他地区具有借鉴意义;针对目前精准扶贫识别、农村空心化突出等问题,建议在经济发达地区,尝试用动态和相对概念来测度贫困、以共治理念扶贫脱贫、以美丽乡村建设构建扶贫长效机制。     

完善现行精准扶贫体制机制研究?

自从确立精准扶贫精准脱贫基本方略以来,中国扶贫体制机制经历了快速创新和转型,2016年以来大范围地进入实践操作。目前,精准扶贫体制的主要特点是坚持党的领导和政府主导、党政“一把手”负总责的领导体制和各级政府合力攻坚、分级负责的管理体制,以及广泛社会参与的大扶贫格局;精准扶贫机制被概括为六个方面,分别致力于解决精准性问题和（或）攻坚克难问题。对照脱贫攻坚需要,精准扶贫体制机制与现实需要还有诸多脱节、不适和不完善之处,本文从五个方面对其进行分析。论文进而从修补现行贫困识别机制、落实和强化县为主体的脱贫责任制、理顺和完善脱贫机制、保障直接扶贫开发人力投入、补偿相对贫困群体等方面提出了完善精准扶贫体制机制的对策建议。     

多维贫困与农户杂粮生产技术效率——基于凉山彝族自治州的微观数据分析

在国家精准扶贫战略背景下,探究不同维度贫困状况对农户杂粮生产技术效率的影响,对于贫困地区粮食生产能力与粮食安全水平的提升,以及精准脱贫的实现具有重要实践指导意义。基于凉山彝族自治州荞麦种植户微观数据,运用随机前沿生产函数模型分析了贫困地区杂粮生产技术效率,并在界定和划分不同贫困维度的基础上,分析了各维度贫困状况对农户杂粮生产技术效率的影响。结果表明：农户对土地、劳动力和化肥投入有较高依赖性,对良种、机械和新技术的采纳明显不足;农户技术效率均值为0.814,有近1/3的农户低于该值,仍有进一步改善的空间;收入贫困和能力贫困均是影响农户生产技术效率的主要因素,且尤以能力贫困更为突出。据此建议：加快研发和推广适宜丘陵山区的小型农机装备,提高财政补贴的力度和范围;提高杂粮新品种的选育和推广力度,引导农户科学种植;制定差别化、高质量扶贫政策,挖掘杂粮产业"后发优势"潜力,积极把握国家精准扶贫战略带来的历史机遇,注重物质、经济帮扶与扶志、扶智相结合,提高脱贫质量,建立稳定脱贫长效机制。