广东城镇贫困阶层的社会组成分析及扶贫政策建议

城镇贫困问题是继农村贫困问题之后又一个必须重点关注的焦点.本文利用2005年广东城镇居民住户常规性抽样调查数据,对当前广东城镇贫困阶层的社会构成进行分析.并在此基础上,针对广东的现实状况,提出一些近期政府需要完善和调整的扶贫助困的政策措施建议.     

Breaking the cycle: an asset-based family intervention for poverty alleviation in China

ABSTRACT

Limited attention is given to how the poverty alleviation benefits children’s development and breaking the transmission of intergenerational poverty in China. Based on two pilot programmes, Chunyu and Qianshou, in Shan’xi province, this study presents the potential effects of an asset-based family intervention that incorporates Child Development Accounts (CDAs) and parental support services on children and families. This study finds that the implementation of the programmes has positive financial and nonfinancial benefits for children and their families. The CDAs may serve as a key mechanism to integrate and strengthen the effect of asset building and parental involvement.     

我国农村贫困的动态转化、持续时间与状态依赖研究——基于收入贫困与多维贫困的双重视角

本文使用中国健康与营养调查2000—2015年跟踪数据,比较分析了农村家庭收入贫困与多维贫困的长期变动情况。在此基础上,使用Cox比例风险与动态Probit模型实证研究了跨期贫困的动态转化概率、状态依赖及其影响因素等问题。研究发现,农村多维贫困发生率下降幅度比收入贫困发生率下降幅度高出近20个百分点,但未脱贫的多维贫困家庭比收入贫困家庭具有更明显的贫困适应性。随着贫困持续时间的增加,无论是收入贫困还是多维贫困,中断当前贫困状态的可能性都下降了。进一步分析发现,子代职业地位、子代教育、城镇化水平和交通便捷度等因素显著降低了贫困家庭的贫困适应性与状态依赖,而贫困补贴对部分贫困家庭产生了补贴依赖效应,从而一定程度上促进了其贫困适应性。本研究在理论上丰富了有关贫困动态性的探讨,为有效破解低收入群体的贫困状态依赖提供了经验证据。     

Mature-aged Social Work Students: Challenges,Study Realities,and Experiences of Poverty

There has been a substantial increase in mature-aged students enrolled in higher education in recent decades. Equally, mature-aged women, often with family responsibilities, are well represented in social work degree programs. In this article, the findings from the National Study of Social Work Students (NSSWS) are examined in relation to mature-age students to better understand their study experiences, and factors that may be impeding their ability to take advantage of a university education. What is clear from the data is that many mature-age social work students were experiencing poverty at higher rates than their younger counterparts who were themselves financially struggling at higher than average rates for domestic Australian tertiary students. Here, mature-age social work students’ experiences and perspectives are presented using quantitative data and students’ own qualitative responses. The results have important implications for social work educators and administrators, and wider policy ramifications regarding student equity.

IMPLICATIONS

• These findings provide a spotlight for national bodies, universities, educators, policy makers, sector partners, and researchers into the under-researched, lived realities for mature-aged Australian social work students.

• Better understanding the grinding effect of poverty on many mature-aged social work students can spur political action to enact systemic change.

     

“Castaway Categories”: Examining the Re-Emergence of the “Underclass” in the UK

Throughout the 1980s and early 1990s, discussion of poverty often incorporated references to a so-called underclass and its purported welfare dependency. This largely disparaging keyword now seems to have reappeared; recent uncritical references have been seeping into social work’s academic literature. Dwelling primarily on the United Kingdom, this article reveals that the “underclass” notion seems to have been reignited around the time of the economic crisis that began in 2007. This coincided with public concerns about child-protection services. It was, however, the English riots (August 6 to 11, 2011) that multiplied the use of the appellation underclass in media and political discourses. However, disparaging designations of those who are unemployed or low-waged have been present across centuries; the troubled family is the most recent construction. In this context, Loïc Wacquant furnishes a useful analytical framework to conceptualise how underclass stereotypes and other castaway categories are described, contained, and managed.     

Lone Parent Activation in Ireland: Putting the Cart before the Horses?

Lone parents and their children are the biggest group at risk of living in poverty in Ireland, and activation is regarded as the solution to this problem by policymakers. While workfare requirements are now placed on lone parents whose youngest child is aged 14 or over, we question the capacity of the current activation policy to deliver an adequate income for these families. Drawing on evidence from other countries and the current Irish context, we argue that the absence of tailored support for lone parents, low levels of educational attainment, difficulties with childcare, the efficacy of financial supports to provide income adequacy and the failure to take into consideration their parenting responsibility mean that the implementation of the policy is fraught with difficulty.     

基于粗糙集理论的学生困难等级认定方法探究

在高校学生困难认定工作中,学生来源地区的经济发展水平差异、家庭经济状况差异,给高校对贫困生等级的认定带来了挑战.该文将粗糙集理论应用于贫困生等级的评定中,不仅可以对学生本人及其家庭的多种困难权衡指标进行提炼与分类,而且对同等级之间还可以进行排序,从而使评定结果更加客观公正.     

The validity and reliability of a Turkish version of the Poverty-Related Quality of Life (PQoL) questionnaire

Measuring poverty in health care settings may help to identify patients living in poverty and also support development of appropriate policies to reduce health inequalities. The objective of this study was to translate the Poverty-Related Quality of Life Questionnaire into Turkish and then test its validity and reliability for a Turkish patient population. The psychometric properties of the scale were examined by collecting data from 300 patients in emergency departments in three randomly selected hospitals in Ankara, Turkey. The results of the study suggest that the Turkish version of the Poverty-Related Quality of Life Questionnaire has satisfactory validity and reliability.     

The high cost of low wages: Economic scarcity effects in organizations

Due to current economic circumstances (e.g., stagnating wages, increasing material aspirations, mounting student debt), an increasing number of employees are prone to experiencing economic scarcity, defined here as the perception that one has fewer financial resources than one's needs require. In this paper, we focus primarily on an under-studied population in the organizational sciences: The working poor—employees who hold jobs but do not earn enough to sustain a reasonable standard of living for themselves and their dependents. Taking into account recent research suggesting that scarcity can have profound psychological consequences, we argue that organizations have a vested interest in reducing feelings of financial deprivation among its employees because the psychology of scarcity has the potential to spill over into organizational functioning. Furthermore, we assert that most organizations’ approaches to managing low-wage work are not only ineffective at reducing the spillover effects of scarcity on organizational outcomes, but also increase their endurance because they do not account for the behavioral consequences of financial deprivation. As such, we present more sustainable initiatives through which organizations can reduce scarcity among its employees. Finally, we discuss ways in which organizational researchers can become more involved in relevant public policy debates.     

Social Protection,Gender, and Poverty: Application of Social Protection Index

Literature on social protection, inequality, and poverty suggest that social protection programs are the policy tool for the eradication of poverty and inequality. The exact targeting of beneficiaries is the most important pillar behind the success of every social protection schemes. Asian Development Bank introduced Revised Social Protection Index in 2010, which is used by several studies for the evaluation of social protection schemes. The current study estimates the revised social protection index of Pakistan for the years 2011 and 2013. During 2011, the average per capita expenditure on social protection was 5.1% of the poverty line expenditure, whereas during 2013, average per capita expenditure on social protection was 5.3% of the poverty line expenditure. The disaggregated form of social protection index indicates that the coverage of social protection programs are low in Pakistan. The expenditures on social protection programs are high for the non-poor and very low for poor. The gender-based disaggregated form of social protection index shows that women have a lower value of social protection index than do males.