以科学发展观指导高校帮困助学工作

帮困助学工作是高等学校培养和造就千千万万创新型社会主义事业建设者和接班人的重要组成部分。随着社会经济和高等教育事业的不断发展，该项工作遇到了新的挑战。科学发展观为高等学校做好帮困助学提供了新的理论指导，是做好帮困助学工作的指导方针。只有用科学发展观指导确立帮困助学的工作原则，并努力加强和改进帮困助学工作，才能使帮困助学出现新面貌。     

基于均等比的儿童贫困研究

均等比旨在更真实地反映不同家庭的需求支出情况,调整不同结构、不同规模家庭的收入差异。对我国数据的分析发现,不同均等比下测得的儿童贫困数值不同。我国儿童相对贫困情况较为严峻,区域和城乡间差异不明显;但绝对贫困情况在城乡之间、区域之间存在差异。应该在我国儿童贫困问题研究中引入均等比的概念,科学测度儿童贫困水平。     

Racial differences in physician usage among the elderly poor in the United States

Despite the rapidly growing ranks of the elderly in America, the increasing racial and ethnic diversity of this population, and the large number of seniors who are poor, there are relatively few systematic investigations that examine the causes of racial differences in health care use specifically among elders living in poverty. This article addresses this issue by examining differences in patterns of having and using a physician among the elderly poor, the role that race plays and what might explain it. We demonstrate that even within this disadvantaged and medically engaged population there are persistent and significant racial differences in having and using a doctor. Specifically, we show: (1) Whites and women are more likely to have a regular doctor than men and African Americans; (2) Among those who have a doctor, whites and women also visit the doctor with greater frequency than other groups even at the same levels of health or illness; (3) After accounting for the varying levels and effects of social connectedness, racial differences in having a doctor essentially disappear; and (4) While differences in having a regular doctor can be accounted for using measures of social connectedness, substantial and robust racial and gender differences in doctor use remain. In the end, we provide an analysis that examines typical factors known to influence health care use, and find that while need, structural factors, perceptions of care, and social connectedness have a powerful effect on doctor visits, the racial variation in using a doctor cannot be explained away with the available measures.     

Social Policy for Poor Rural People in Colombia: Reinforcing Traditional Gender Roles and Identities?

This article provides a 'situated' gender analysis of the Colombian conditional cash transfer programme, Familias en Acción, offering empirical evidence from a specific rural setting. This 'located' approach shows that generalizations about gender implications of conditional cash transfer programmes in Latin America do not always fit neatly with realities. The article shows how the implementation of these programmes in a specific rural context, the municipality of Paipa, reflects a reinforcement of traditional gender allocations and responsibilities. At the same time, the local authorities, official workers and the mothers adapt the social programmes to recent gender trends. For example, men may carry out some domestic activities single-handedly, take care of children without their wives, women may leave men, and women and men may work together in off-farm activities, with husbands and wives taking joint decisions about domestic issues. In other words, the gender effects of the Familias en Acción programme in rural settings currently move between old gender customs and practices and changeable gender conditions. In Latin-American terms, it is possible to say that these conditions range between 'machismo' and 'feminist liberalization'.     

Youth perceptions of neighborhood hassles and resources: A mixed method analysis

Empirical investigations exploring the processes and mechanisms of neighborhood influences on child and youth development are needed to contribute to the growing body of research on neighborhood as a context for development. Using a mixed method design, this study examined the relationship between structurally identified resources in three urban public housing neighborhoods, youth perceptions and experiences of resources, and youth report of neighborhood hassles and cohesion. Survey data from 153 ethnically and culturally diverse youth between 6th and 8th grade were analyzed using regression analyses; constant comparative analysis was used to code interviews from a subsample of 22 youth. Results indicated an inverse relationship between the number of neighborhood resources and the level of daily hassles youth report. Analysis of mixed method results further highlights the importance of young people's perceptions of neighborhood influences.     

The Relative Deprivation Curve and Its Applications

This article introduces the relative deprivation curve to represent the size distribution of income and wealth. The curve has many useful applications in the measurement of poverty and inequality, which are explored. The methodology developed is then applied to the data obtained from the Australian Household Expenditure Survey, 1975–1976.     

Poverty in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: An Exploratory Study of Poverty and Female‐headed Households in Jeddah City

This article reports an exploratory study in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia, which assembled data and information from government and non‐governmental organizations about poverty and poverty alleviation policies. A list of poor families which were receiving benefits from the Social Security Department and charitable associations in Jeddah City was constructed, from which female‐headed households were identified and classified depending on the circumstances of the female head. The article describes the social, cultural and demographic characteristics of poor female‐headed households in Jeddah. The article also uses the results of interviews with 13 poor female heads of households to analyse aspects of their everyday lives. This evidence is used to discuss the ability of the Saudi state's income support system to address poverty as the country undergoes economic and social modernization.     

Poverty as a Form of Violence

Abstract

This paper advances the theory that poverty is one of the deadliest forms of violence. Together, poverty and violence are a potent force that is antithetical to the collective well-being of our society. Existing data reveal that the correlation between poverty and violence is statistically significant. The vast discrepancy between the prosperity of the rich and the profound deprivation of the poor in this country suggest that a structural perspective may be particularly instructive. Poverty as a form of violence will be examined in terms of four interrelated variables and a set of recommendations for change will be proposed.     

Towards ethical practice in the use of archived transcripted interviews: a response

The Hawthorne Effect is relatively common in community intervention trials. Yet, very little is known about it in developing countries where poverty may play an important role in how and why people participate in studies. A quasi‐experimental trial with a comparison group designed to evaluate the effectiveness of an indoor air pollution intervention showed evidence of reactivity in rural South Africa. By drawing on post‐trial focus group discussions with members of the comparison group (n = 30), this paper explores the reasons why participants improved their behaviours despite not having received the intervention. Results suggest that participants changed their behaviours for three reasons: expectations of gain, misunderstandings of the data collection equipment and a learning effect. In addition to highlighting the role of poverty and miscommunication in influencing reactivity, this paper also offers recommendations to reduce the Hawthorne Effect in impoverished contexts.     

英国济贫制度的发展对我国绝对贫困救济立法的启示

英国等西欧国家有着悠久的济贫传统,其济贫法制体系与实践亦相当成熟。其济贫法制体系中的国家承担济贫基本责任的原则,区别对待与分类管理的做法,对济贫内容的综合性安排,以政府出资为主的筹资方式及操作程序的科学设计对我国当今的绝对贫困救济立法具有借鉴价值。参考英国的济贫制度体系,我国的绝对贫困救济立法亦须依据实际国情妥善处理好绝对贫困救济的对象范围、救济标准的确定、主体制度的选择和救济资金的筹措等关键性技术问题。