参与性贫困评估和扶贫战略的调整:来自贫困者的声音

作者通过对广西、云南、贵州、青海和宁夏五省区50多个村进行参与性贫困评估，从贫困者自身的角度，对什么是贫困、谁是贫困者、什么时候最贫困、导致贫困的原因以及如何使其尽快摆脱贫困等问题作了深入分析。在此基础上，对完善我国的扶贫政策和策略提出了自己的看法。     

试论扶贫攻坚工作与云南小康社会建设

全面建设小康社会的奋斗目标,对云南这样一个底子薄弱的省份,困难还比较多。加大扶贫攻坚力度,加快小城镇建设、发展非公有制经济是目前最主要、最有效的途径。     

我国人口较少民族的贫困与扶贫开发

由于社会历史、地理条件和资源环境等方面的原因,中国人口较少民族地区至今存在着不同程度的贫困问题。如何缓解和消除这些弱小民族的贫困问题将是中国政府21世纪反贫困行动的重要议题。作者描述了中国人口较少民族的贫困状况,分析了其贫困的原因,提出了扶贫开发的政策建议。     

Poverty and Social Policy in Latin America

Most indicators of human development in Latin America improved considerably until the early 1980s. Unfortunately, the debt crisis which hit most countries in the region during the 1980s badly dented the social record. Not only did it increase the number of people living in poverty but it led to a profound change in the nature of the development model. Neo-liberal economic thought and the lessons of the debt crisis convinced one Latin American state after another that it should follow a different development path.
Economic stabilization and structural adjustment had a profound effect on poverty in the region. Most families became poorer, particularly those living in the cities. Structural adjustment and the new economic model also modified the role of the state. Increasingly, Latin American governments stopped giving general subsidies and introduced a strategy of targeting subsidies at the poor. In places, the new strategy will no doubt provide an adequate safety net, but in others it will fail to provide sufficient help for the poor. All we can predict is that poverty will long remain regrettably common in most parts of Latin America. In places, economic growth will undoutedly reduce poverty but it is not at all easy to predict where it will be reduced. In this respect Latin America is very much like the rest of the world. Globalization has opened up local economies to international competition and offered them the prospect of selling local goods to foreign markets. How many Latin American economies will benefit from the new situation will determine how the poor will fare. Unfortunately, the state's ability to deal with any subsequent poverty has been greatly reduced. That, too, is part and parcel of the process of globalization.     

Poverty, Social Exclusion and the Politics of Disability: Care as a Social Good and the Expenditure of Social Capital in Chuadanga, Bangladesh

People labelled with disabilities in Chuadanga, Bangladesh, are denied equitable access to social networks and formal services. In terms both of funding future formal service programmes and of designing community‐based outreach programmes, this lack of access is not a simple reflection of one's impairment but a facet of the social exclusion and stigma that is culturally ascribed to disability in Chuadanga. We utilize a social model to focus on the cultural processes initiated by the onset of illness or impairment. Our participants are drawn from four types of diagnosed disability: blindness, orthopaedic impairment, hearing impairment and mental disorder. Although this inquiry is in line with Daly's focus on how future spending on formal services to promote care and equity in Europe can be helped by searching out information that is often ignored, the particular focus of this study is Chuadanga and the research questions incorporate a disability studies perspective. The authors consider care as a social good and an expenditure of social capital, in reviewing findings from a recent empirical study of disability and employment in the Bangladesh district of Chuadanga. Regardless of disability, poverty can be a morally and socially devastating ordeal. However, the authors conclude that the added loss of social solidarity and equitable access, due to the social exclusion and stigma of disability for the families concerned, make it statistically far less likely that they will access formal services or be able to escape poverty.     

A Dynamic Latent Model for Poverty Measurement

The main purpose of this paper is the longitudinal analysis of the poverty phenomenon. By interpreting poverty as a latent variable, we are able to resort to the statistical methodology developed for latent structure analysis. In particular, we propose to use the mixture latent Markov model which allows us to achieve two goals: (i) a time-invariant classification of households into homogenous groups, representing different levels of poverty; (ii) the dynamic analysis of the poverty phenomenon which highlights the distinction between transitory and permanent poverty situations. Furthermore, we exploit the flexibility provided by the model in order to achieve the measurement of poverty in a multidisciplinary framework, using several socio-economic indicators as covariates and identifying the main relevant factors which influence permanent and transitory poverty. The analysis of the longitudinal data of the Survey on Households Income and Wealth of the Bank of Italy provides the identification of two groups of households which are characterized by different dynamic features. Moreover, the inclusion of socio-economic covariates such as level of education, employment status, geographical area and residence size of the household head shows a direct association with permanent poverty.     

Remittances,financial development and poverty reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for post-COVID-19 macroeconomic policies

To design and implement effective post-COVID-19 macroeconomics policies to tackle poverty in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), policymakers need to understand the factors shaping poverty in the region. This paper investigates the effect of international remittances and financial development on poverty alleviation in 44 sub-Saharan African SSA countries from 2010 to 2019. The instrumental variable generalised method of moment technique results indicated that while remittances increase poverty, financial development contributes significantly to poverty reduction. The results consistently revealed that remittances increase both male and female poverty rates, while financial development significantly reduces male and female poverty rates. Other factors such as economic growth, foreign direct investment, and trade openness contributed significantly to reducing poverty. In contrast, government expenditure and foreign aid were found to increase poverty rate in SSA. These results are robust to the Lewbel two-stage least squares estimator. The practical implications of these findings for post-COVID-19 macroeconomic policies in SSA are discussed.     

金融发展、城镇化与贫困减缓--基于系统GMM的估计

采用1978-2010年中国省际面板数据,运用系统GMM估计对金融发展（金融规模和金融效率）、城镇化与贫困减缓的关系进行经验检验。研究结果表明：城镇化与贫困减缓均具有时间的积累和持续性;金融发展与城镇化、贫困减缓具有显著的正相关关系,随着经济的增长变化,金融发展能够显著提高城镇化进程,进而促进贫困减缓。与金融规模相比较,金融效率的城镇化和贫困减缓效应偏小。     

贫困文化论的误用与滥用

美国人类学家在研究墨西哥城市底层群体的过程中提出了贫困文化论。 在中国的现代化进程中,贫困文化论被一些研究者和政策制定者引入用于指称少数民族群体的传统文化。 文章从发生学的意义上梳理了贫困文化论的原初含义,回顾了其传入中国之后的意义变迁,并批评了贫困文化论在中国的误用与滥用情况。 随着世界范围内对现代化的反思,民族传统文化的价值重新得到承认,造成了贫困文化论和民族文化多样性话语的当代并置和矛盾冲突。 最后,以人类学的整体主义文化观批评了国家发展主义对少数民族文化的两种矛盾态度。     

农村的贫困、贫困文化与脱贫

贫困和贫困文化的恶性循环是影响当前农村发展的主要原因 ,本文从文化的核心——人的观念入手 ,分析了贫困文化的种种表现及对贫困所造成的影响。同时 ,本文还提出 ,要想使农村走出贫困的境地 ,必须大力发展农教事业 ,改造农村贫困文化。