Evaluating the Use of Spatial Covariance Structures in the Analysis of Cardiovascular Imaging Data

This article investigates the choice of working covariance structures in the analysis of spatially correlated observations motivated by cardiac imaging data. Through Monte Carlo simulations, we found that the choice of covariance structure affects the efficiency of the estimator and power of the test. Choosing the popular unstructured working covariance structure results in an over-inflated Type I error possibly due to a sample size not large enough relative to the number of parameters being estimated. With regard to model fit indices, Bayesian Information Criterion outperforms Akaike Information Criterion in choosing the correct covariance structure used to generate data.     

Exponentiality Test Based on the Progressive Type II Censoring via Cumulative Entropy

In this article, we use cumulative residual Kullback-Leibler information (CRKL) and cumulative Kullback-Leibler information (CKL) to construct two goodness-of-fit test statistics for testing exponentiality with progressively Type-II censored data. The power of the proposed tests are compared with the power of goodness-of-fit test for exponentiality introduced by Balakrishnan et al. (2007 Balakrishnan, N., Habibi Rad, A., Arghami, N.R. (2007). Testing exponentiality based on Kullback-Leibler information with progressively type-II censored data. IEEE Transactions on Reliability 56(2):301–307.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). We show that when the hazard function of the alternative is monotone decreasing, the test based on CRKL has higher power and when the hazard function of the alternative is non-monotone, the test based on CKL has higher power. But, when it is monotone increasing the power difference between test based on CKL and their proposed test is not so remarkable. The use of the proposed tests is shown in an illustrative example.     

话语结构中的权势隐含

本文基于电视心理咨询的真实语料,用语言学谈话分析的方法,考察机构角色、话语角色,话语结构中的话轮转换,相邻语对等特征与之内含的话语权势的关系。通过微观层面的分析,本文指出"心理访谈"有别于一般的日常会话,它是一种具有非对等权势关系的谈话活动。话语权势不仅可以从上至下地实施,且可以通过特定的话语构架隐含其中。这种话语权势通常不被人们察觉,但它卻驾驭著人们的言语行为模式。     

“两伊问题”困扰中的美国海湾战略选择

伊战后,美国的海湾战略屡屡受挫,在中东面临危机多元化和扩散化的严重挑战。在伊拉克陷阱和伊朗核问题的双重困扰下,小布什政府及其后任可能的战略选择包括坚持原有“主导和预防行动”、采取“崩溃预防型”、恢复“稳定、威慑和遏制”、考虑“合作型秩序”等。但除非美国放弃独家主导海湾的霸权战略并调整其战略目标,否则难以在“支配”海湾地区和摆脱困境之间找到两全出路。     

An Australian history of the subordination of midwifery

This paper analyses the history of the subordination of midwifery to medicine and nursing. With the important exception of Evan Willis’ work on medical dominance and Annette Summers’ work on the takeover of midwifery by nursing, other histories of Australian midwifery have taken a neutral approach to issue of power and control. The aim of analysing this period is to identify the strategies of power that were used to subordinate midwifery. With increased consciousness of how power has operated in the past, midwives and woman of today can be more empowered when seeking to promote normal birth and midwifery models of care.Concepts of ‘power’, ‘the state’ and midwife are defined and discussed. A summary of the decline of midwifery and the rise of obstetrics in Europe and the United Kingdom (UK) gives a background against which to understand the Australian experience. The historical account given here draws to a climax by focussing on the period 1886–1928. It was during this time that medicine forged an alliance with nursing and achieved both legal and disciplinary control of midwifery. Knowing how this was done is important because it helps us to recognise the power strategies that are currently being used by medicine. This is helpful when planning how these strategies might be matched or countered by contemporary woman and midwives when seeking to promote normal birth and midwifery models of care.     

Unjust punishment in organizations

What causes leaders to punish subordinates unjustly? And why might leaders keep punishing subordinates unjustly, even when this increases workplace misconduct? In the current paper we address these questions by suggesting that power and status cause leaders to punish unjustly. We review evidence on the effects of power and status on punishment, review how unjust punishments foster misconduct, and highlight how this creates a self-perpetuating feedback loop—leaders are more likely to punish in an unjust manner when subordinates engage in misconduct, but subordinates’ misconduct is partly caused by unjust punishments. We also discuss how leader-subordinate distrust may be at the heart of this phenomenon and how organizations may counteract unjust punishments. We draw attention to research areas that have received little attention and draw up an agenda for future research. Taken together, we integrate the literatures on power, status, punishment and trust, review evidence on when unjust punishments become perpetuating, challenge research suggesting that leaders are cautious when punishing, and guide future research on the topic of punishment in organizations.     

宋代相权的兴盛

宋初在权力结构的调整中对相权进行了分割,但考察宋代实际的权力运作,宋代的相权自始至终处于兴盛状态,对相权所采取的几项措施都没有对相权产生实质性的削弱作用。导致这一现象的主要原因在于宋代所奉行的基本国策是“以儒治国”,是君主与士大夫“共治天下”。同时,相权兴盛也是巩固政权的政治需要,亦是当时频繁的军事活动所需。     

综合院校临床医学专业学生就业竞争力现状及对策研究

在就业形势日益严峻的今天,大学生就业问题在一定程度上制约了社会经济的发展,同时也关乎国家全局的稳定建设。在高等教育由精英化转向大众化的大背景之下,“市场化”、“竞争化”和“国际化”的教育趋势越发明显,大学生就业问题无疑成为了当下讨论和关注的热点。在综合性院校中,由于临床医学的专业性较强,这就决定了毕业生的就业渠道较为狭窄。加之医学毕业生数量的逐年增加,就业难的问题也日益突出。因地制宜,立足实际,提升医学毕业生的就业竞争力,既关系着综合院校的整体竞争力,也事关我国和谐社会的发展。     

改革攻坚:对当代中国改革一个重大基本问题的分析

改革攻坚源发于我国后发现代化语境下政治权力主导的渐进改革模式。改革攻坚是针对处于体制核心领域即政治权力系统中严重阻滞改革进一步深化的消极因素而言的。这些消极因素包括实体因素、体制因素与具体问题因素三个相互交织、相互强化的层次。改革攻坚意味着政治权力系统必须针对自身深化改革,进一步增强自身的制度规范性与治理有效性。中国改革大致在20世纪90年代中后期进入攻坚阶段。