Exploring Contrasting Formulations of Expectancy Theory*

The explanatory potential of four forms of expectancy theory with additive and multiplicative expectancy terms and linear and nonlinear valence functions were contrasted. A behavioral decision-making theory approach was used when 101 subjects were asked to make 128 hypothetical job-choice decisions. More than 25,800 decisions under a within-subjects framework were analyzed. Results indicate that the majority (83 percent) of subjects employed additive or multiplicative expectancy models with linear valence functions. However, the predictive efficacy of the expectancy theory model was improved for 17 percent of the subjects when nonlinear valence terms were introduced. The findings imply that different functional forms of expectancy theory may be needed to model individuals' decision-making processes.     

三权分立政体:误区、审视、否定与继承

源于西方的三权分立政体时而被贬为资本主义,时而被推崇备至。重新正确认识三权分立问题具有时代意义。三权分立政体并非资产阶级革命后大多数国家的必然选择,相反它只是美国在特定的国情下的选择,它出现在西方国家也是极其偶然的,大多数西方国家选择的是议会制。从清王朝到国民党的统治,虽然有过多次三权分立政体的尝试或推行,但从来就没有真正实现过权力的分立和制衡。在强大的封建势力为主体的国体下,三权分立政体所要求的权力分立是无法实现的。共产党人否定了三权分立政体,自主选择了人大制度。三权分立政体不适合中国,但是三权分立政体体现出来的分权与制衡思想,是人类共同的精神财富,中国也可以借鉴。     

博客共享性的传播心理学分析

近年来个性化网络出版形式--博客蓬勃发展。博客体现出来一种共享性与公共性的传播精神。博客使用者在网上的公开写作,表现出资讯共享、思想共享与情感共享的精神;而博客阅读者发表的评论也体现出提供更多资源与情感共鸣的共享性。现从传播心理学的角度,以利他性行为理论工具,对博客的共享性产生原因、过程进行分析。     

政府行为文明内涵的新发展：行政权力良性扩张

政府行为文明的本质是政府的现代化，政府现代化的本质则是政府发展和行政发展。作为一种抽象的政府行为，行政权力扩张有良性扩张和恶性扩张之分，分别体现着行政权力扩张的必然性与人为性。提出行政权力良性扩张是社会发展的需要，本质是政府发展和行政发展，其结果是政府行政能力的提升、行政能量的增强。无论是从良性扩张产生的原因还是实现的结果来看，行政权力良性扩张都体现着政府行为文明本质要求，是对政府行为文明内涵的发展。     

中国协商民主制度

对中国协商民主制度的研究相当有限,目前研究注重中国地方选举的产生、发展及意义,它们将视角限于选举阻碍了对地方民主协商方面的进一步探寻.20世纪80年代尤其90年代以来,中国城乡社会已经发展了许多新的协商制度形式--民情恳谈会、民主恳谈会、民主理财会、民情直通车、便民服务窗、居民论坛、乡村论坛和民主听(议)证会.中国的协商制度综合了物质和规范两方面考虑,是官方意识形态和民主的一种混合产物,也常带有感情宣泄的特点.通过讨论民主商谈会、公民评议会、居民或村民代表会几种主要的协商制度形式、概括它们的主要特征并比较它们对协商的影响,考察了协商制度相关问题及地方上解决这些问题的战略.     

基于博弈分析的农村信用社产权改革路径选择

随着我国农村信用社改革的步步深化,新型产权组织模式与运行机制的构建已经走到了攻坚阶段。文章在归纳分析农村信用社改革与发展背景及基本现状的基础上,围绕政府与农村信用社双方的益损值,对政府推行农村信用社合作制规范进行了博弈分析,由最终的纳什均衡分析结果,得出了在现有农村信用社基础上搞统一的合作制规范不切实际,农村信用社改革必须走“多元化”产权组织模式道路的结论,并就新时期如何进一步发展与完善农村信用社“多元化”产权组织模式提出了几点政策性建议。     

Risk Factors for Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Behavior Problems in Children and Adolescents Following a Home Fire

Based on a model of (Posttraumatic Stress Disorder) PTSD by Green, Wilson and Lindy (1986), fifty-six children ages 6 to 17 years were interviewed at five months (T1) and 9 months (T2) after a fire in their homes. Outcome variables were PTSD and behavior problems. Major correlates of the outcome variables, include guilt at T1, worry about other family members at T2, and lack of satisfaction with family support at both times, as well as the attribution that another child did it. The stressor variable, present at the fire, became significant only at T2. The greatest variance in the PTSD scores occurred at T2 suggesting delayed onset or delayed reporting by children. Children may process traumatic events in a different cognitive fashion and in a different time frame than adults. Implications of these results are considered within the context of social work and nursing.     

The Dark Side of Information and Market Efficiency in E‐Markets*

Price dispersion reflects the differences in prices for identical products. While in physical markets such dispersion is prevalent due to high search costs, many researchers argue that search costs and price dispersion will be much lower in electronic markets (e‐markets). Empirical evidence does not support this contention, and researchers have studied search costs, market factors, and service‐quality factors to explain this dispersion. Previous research has largely assumed that more information is better. By ignoring the dark side of information, we argue that only a partial understanding of price dispersion is possible. In this article, information overload and equivocality are studied as two dark attributes of information that lead sellers to different pricing decisions in e‐markets. Hypotheses relating these attributes to price dispersion are supported through analysis of 161 product markets. This work opens up new avenues in the study of e‐markets and discusses the implications of these findings for research and practice on consumer and seller decisions.     

Mentoring At-Risk Latino Children and Their Parents: Impact on Social Skills and Problem Behaviors

The Family Mentoring Project, which provided approximately one year of mentoring for at-risk 10-year old Latino children and their parents, aimed to provide not only service but empirical evaluation of the program's impact. This University-community partnership offered individual mentoring, a group educational component for children and parents, and group social/recreational activities. A pre- and post-test analysis of 11 non-mentored and 20 mentored youth revealed positive gains on social skills for mentored children as reflected in self-ratings and mothers' ratings on the Social Skills Rating Scale (SSRS). Also based on the SSRS, mothers reported decreases in three problem behaviors for mentored children. In addition, by post-testing, the mentored children and their mothers compared very favorably with the SSRS standardized samples on both skills and problem behaviors. The findings suggest that bicultural competence may be fostered by programs that provide consistent and long-term mentoring, involve the children's families, include group educational components, and bring families and mentors together for social/recreational events.     

中国知识界对议会政治的认知与民国政制的演变

中国人对于议会政治的认识深深影响着民国政制的演化。“议会救国论”、“议会万能论”是清末思想界的主流 ,章太炎、孙中山等则已对议会政治有所批评。民国初年移植议会政治体制引发种种弊端 ,使中国知识界议会观发生逆转 ,“议会破产论”论、“议会过时论”兴盛一时 ,不少人一方面关注西方改造代议制的新趋势 ,一方面反思中国传统政治制度可以古为今用之处 ,提出改造代议制的各色方案。南京政府抛弃议会政治的外壳、试行党治失败的同时 ,西方改造代议制的浪潮也已暴露出问题 ,人们开始进入对于改造代议制的反思期 ,“重回代议制”成为 2 0世纪三四十年代宪政运动的主题。中国知识界的议会观的演变遵循着制度决定论与实用主义逻辑 ,社会进化论与理性主义崇拜则是其哲学基础。民主观念的激进化 ,是中国移植西式民主制度失败的思想原因之一