观光农业从业户应对成本上升的策略研究——基于京郊十余家典型从业户的案例分析

观光农业因其特殊的产业性质面临着当前农业生产成本和消费品价格持续上涨的双重压力.如何应对这一挑战是城郊型农业和农村发展的重要任务.文章基于京郊十余家观光农业从业农户的案例研究表明：雇工费、食材费、生产资料费用、能源成本、设施维护更换费用上涨最为明显;农户则多采取价格策略、外出购置转向内部生产、要素投入的替代、发挥规模效益、寻求外界帮助、增加收益来源等方式应对,整体上达到了一定的效果;而不同农户所采取何种应对策略又受到家庭兼业状态、政府支持措施、合作组织发展等因素的明显影响.     

SOME TENTATIVE COMMENTS ON JAPANESE AND AMERICAN DECISION MAKING

Ample literature attests to the existence of differential views of causation held by Japanese as compared to Americans. Some new evidence links, in a rather complex manner, these differing causation maps to physiological brain structure. Review of this new evidence somewhat clarifies the nature of the differences in views of causation and preliminarily points toward the developmental phenomena underlying these differences. This, in turn, may help researchers interpret the differences in management practices existent within the two cultures under study.     

ESTIMATING WAITING TIME IN A QUEUING SYSTEM*

This study examines how customers joining a queuing system assess their waiting time in the system. Data obtained from an actual queuing system support the paradigm of Parkan and Warren [5] on the use of the observed number in the system in this assessment. It is concluded that customers overestimate mean service time but that this overestimation is not dependent on the number in the system.     

Involving Information System Users in Defining System Requirements: The Influence of Procedural Justice Perceptions on User Attitudes and Performance

This study incorporates the theoretical framework of procedural justice into the information system (IS) user participation research paradigm. In a field setting, 726 subjects representing 59 local newspaper sites took part in a fully randomized, longitudinal experiment. Four increasing levels of participation concerning specifying system requirements were manipulated: mute, voice, choice, and voice plus choice. As the participation level increased, procedural justice judgments increased correspondingly. Perceptions of control over the development process, satisfaction with the outcome, and objective measures of performance increased from the mute to voice conditions, were unchanged from the voice to choice conditions, and increased again as participation was manipulated at the highest level—voice plus choice. The rich contextual field setting in which this experiment was conducted, combined with strong attitudinal and performance results, encourage researchers to integrate the psychology of procedural justice into the study of IS user participation.     

AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF COMMITTEE COMPOSITION AS AN ADMINISTRATIVE PROBLEM-SOLVING TOOL

This paper describes the development of a classification of committees frequently seen in response to authority-task problems in universities. It then reports data that describe how twenty high-level, experienced administrators, when presented with a series of seven hypothetical cases representing each type of committee, chose to compose each committee. Implications of this work for understanding the use of committees as strategic problem-solving tools are explored.     

A COMPARISON OF UNIT,SUBJECTIVE, AND REGRESSION MEASURES OF SECOND-LEVEL VALENCES IN EXPECTANCY THEORY

Two different decision-making exercises are compared with unit weights and with traditional Likert scales as measures of second-level valences in expectancy theory. Second-level valences are measured across different levels of outcomes in each exercise and compared to the traditional subjective- and unit-weight measures. In the first experiment, the job-preference decisions of 21 undergraduates are examined using a decision-making exercise involving 24 hypothetical jobs described in terms of three intrinsic instrumentalities at two levels. In the second experiment, a different 21 undergraduates make job-preference decisions in a decision-making exercise involving 27 hypothetical jobs described in terms of three extrinsic instrumentalities at three levels. The β-weight (standardized regression coefficient) measures of the second-level valences are found to be more powerful predictors of job-preference decisions than either subjective-weight or unit-weight measures, both before and after shrinkage. They also had higher cross validations, exhibited higher test-retest reliability, and allowed testing of a quadratic motivational effect in the three-level exercise.     

Utility‐consistent Brand Demand Systems with Endogenous Category Consumption: Principles and Marketing Applications*

This paper introduces the design and implementation of utility‐consistent, brand, and category demand systems. It extends formal demand analysis to the area of brand and category demand, which directly concerns marketing researchers and managers. The proposed brand demand system is a set of interrelated demand functions that are derived explicitly from a utility function describing consumer preferences. The model generalizes by the integration of category expenditures, which are determined endogenously. The theoretical plausibility of the proposed demand model is demonstrated first and, subsequently, brand and category level systems are derived. Econometric methods for estimating the systems are also developed and illustrated in empirical data. The results yield empirically determined, quantitative insights into the structure of consumer demand for brands and product categories. The proposed approach has the attractive feature of structuring the interdependencies of consumer decisions and ensuring an explicit role for theory in applied research.     

Improving Computer Training Effectiveness for Decision Technologies: Behavior Modeling and Retention Enhancement*

Managers and analysts increasingly need to master the hands‐on use of computer‐based decision technologies including spreadsheet models. Effective training can prevent the lack of skill from impeding potential effectiveness gains from decision technologies. Among the wide variety of software training approaches in use today, recent research indicates that techniques based on behavior modeling, which consists of computer skill demonstration and hands‐on practice, are among the most effective for achieving positive training outcomes. The present research examines whether the established behavior‐modeling approach to software training can be improved by adding a retention enhancement intervention as a substitute for, or complement to, hands‐on practice. One hundred and eleven trainees were randomly assigned to one of three versions of a training program for spreadsheets: retention enhancement only, practice only, and retention enhancement plus practice. Results obtained while controlling for total training time indicate that a combination of retention enhancement and practice led to significantly better cognitive learning than practice alone. The initial difference in cognitive achievement was still evident one week after training. Implications for future computer training research and practice are discussed.     

How Long Should a Customer Wait for Service?

A major concern for service managers is the determination of how long a customer should wait to be served. Services, due to the customer's direct interaction with the process, must face a trade-off between minimizing the cost of having a customer wait and the cost of providing good service. A total cost model is presented for determining how long a customer should wait when these two conflicting cost components are considered. An integral part of this model includes a measure of customer satisfaction with waiting time which is used to develop a waiting cost function. The model is then applied to a major fast food chain, using data collected at several locations. Analysis of the data reveals that the “ideal” waiting time for this firm is significantly less than the current corporate waiting time policy. Thus, as indicated by the model, a corporate policy change is recommended to provide much faster service. The adoption of such a policy would result in increased labor costs, and would simultaneously increase the firm's overall profits. Although appearing contradictory, increases in current labor costs and long-term profits are both possible when management takes the long-range perspective suggested in this paper.     

行为程序模型在高校思想政治教育中的应用研究

促使大学生“内化”的认知顺利“外化”为良好的行为,是高校思想政治教育的重要内容。行为程序理论模型是基于心理学用于描述人的认知-行为转换过程的理论模型。运用该模型,文章将思想政治教育“外化”描述为由情绪控制、观念控制、自我控制三个控制过程和外部资源、内部资源共同作用的结果。这在一定程度上为高校思想政治教育“外化”过程研究和实践提供了借鉴。