A cost-benefit analysis of a smoking cessation program

Smoking cessation programs are usually evaluated in terms of the percentage of participants who have stopped smoking at least 6 months after the program's completion. This paper shows how a relatively low rate of behavior change may actually result in a high ratio of benefits to costs. Cost-benefit analysis is done for a specific program but the procedures and cost estimates are generalizable to other smoking cessation programs. Benefits to the firm included reduced costs of insurance and the savings due to employee absenteeism and disability. Costs included the program costs as well as the opportunity costs of the participants. Data from the literature and from the specific program are combined to form conclusions about the effectiveness of the program.     

抗战时期大后方科技事业的"诺亚方舟"——中国西部科学院与大后方北碚科技文化中心的形成

1930年10月,卢作孚在重庆北碚创建了中国西部第一个综合性科研机构--中国西部科学院,并对川康为重点的西部地区开展了一系列生物、理化、农林、地质的调查研究,取得令世人瞩目的成果.抗战爆发后,由于卢作孚和中国西部科学院的影响和鼎力帮助,一大批东部地区的科研学术机构和科学工作者内迁北碚,中国科学文化的国脉和精华得以保存和延续,北碚也因此成为大后方科技文化中心,中国西部科学院成为大后方科技事业的"诺亚方舟"而永载史册.     

White,black, and Hispanic male youths in central city labor markets

Data from the 1% 1980 Census Public Use Sample are used to estimate the determinants of employment and wage rates for out-of-school male youths residing in central cities. Separate calculations are undertaken for white, black, and Hispanic youths. Independent variables include individual, family background, and local labor market characteristics. Three basic findings emerge. First, racial inequality persists, with whites showing the best outcomes, Hispanics second, and blacks at the bottom. Second, underlying these unequal outcomes are rather different patterns of effect for personal and family characteristics by race. Note-worthy here is the Hispanic pattern of low reliance on schooling and high reliance on family. Finally, net of these effects, intercity differences are interesting and important. These include negative effects of city size and race composition effects which show white gains where blacks and Hispanics are a larger share of the population.     

The conduct of program evaluation reviews in the general accounting office

Professional behavior during the General Accounting Office's (GAO's) present era of oversight can best be understood by reviewing the audit types that populate village life in the GAO and the repertoire the office uses in conducting program evaluation audits. Four types of auditors are present, each of which has a role to play in the audit repertoire. This repertoire focuses on finding faults in government programs in order to catch or sustain congressional interest in GAO's work. The “audit trail” of each report may last up to 3 years and involves considerable organizational strife and conflict with outside groups. To sustain themselves through this arduous auditing process, auditors have developed a creed through which they conceptualize themselves as an elite with a mission to insure good government.     

Evaluation and social policy. Some reflections on ideas and institutions

This paper discusses the relationship between evaluation as a meta- and as a technical activity in the field of social policy, with special reference to the British experience. Evaluation as a meta-activity is defined to be the analysis of the values and criteria to be used: a process which assumes that the definition of problems is itself problematic. Evaluation as a technical activity is defined to be the application of agreed criteria to agreed policy problems. From this distinction, it is argued, some important implications flow for the role of the universities and the funding of research.     

论建构旅游社会学的纲领性要素

近二十年来,旅游研究文献数量倍增,英语国家学术界在传播和扩大旅游研究的影响力方面处于优势地位。旅游研究领域的核心刊物都是英文期刊,如《旅游研究纪事》（Annals of Tourism Research）和《旅游管理》（Tourism management）。载于这些期刊的论文作者大多来自美国、澳大利亚、新西兰、加拿大和英国。尽管反映于期刊层面的学术研究的国际化程度较弱,但并不妨碍研究人员、学术概念、研究方法和理论在北美、英国、欧洲其他国家、澳大利亚以及中国等国之间的流通。这种流通是如何实现的？旅游研究是否存在一种如布尔迪厄所称的“子场域”（sous-champ）？假使存在,这种“子场域”属于国际层面抑或仅限于国家层面？这些问题,需先确定一个理论和方法论上的框架,以便理解被称为“旅游研究”的这个领域的产生、发展和建构的过程。从旅游学术圈、旅游市场及不同层级（地方的、国家的、国际的）旅游组织的一个融合案例出发,分析全球旅游学界正在发生中的重构。对全球旅游研究的分析基于三个互补的角度:研究的角度、认知角度、受众及知识用途的角度。为串联这三个角度,尝试推出一些概念,运用一些文献统计分析法,以求勾勒旅游研究的理论框架。     

A behavioral model of the demand for consumer durables

It is argued that models of the demand for consumer durables would be strengthened by the introduction of a behavioral element reflecting the nature of the decision making process within the individual household. A possible behavioural model is described. It is suggested that this would consist of the following elements: general economic confidence of the consumer (derived from personal expectations and attitudes to the general economic situation): general durable purchasing orientation (including willingness to devote resources to durable purchasesand house moving expectations); specific product choice considerations (including orders of acquisition of new durables: the implicit depreciation of existing equipment; perceptions of the characteristics of new products; purchase expectations). Such a model is more extensive than that normally described by others working in this field. The interaction between the different variables is discussed. It is shown that all these elements can be estimated through regular surveys and so the model can be made operational for forecasting purposes. However, it needs to be recognised that there are also unexpected even as which will affect the outcome in individual circumstances and the nature of these is also considered.     

The development of evaluation as a profession: Current status and some predictions

Sociological models of professionalization are applied to recent events in program evaluation in order to understand the development of the field and to predict future events. The focus is on problems that might arise and on the necessity of ameliorating them. The possibility of eliminating such problems is discounted since they appear to be integral elements of the process of professionalization. Major elements of the analysis include discussions of the consequences of the development of a specialized body of evaluation knowledge, the definition of evaluation tasks, exclusivity in the performance of those tasks, the development of professional associations, and problems in the training of evaluators. The reasons for problems in these areas are presented and the importance of being aware of the origin of the problems is discussed.     

提高地方本科院校生物科学专业双语教学效果探讨

在全球化的大背景下,大学双语教学是推进培养国际化人才的重要手段之一。大学开展双语教育势在必行,生物科学专业双语教育也随着生物科学技术的飞速发展趋势在中国有了越来越多的探索。英语环境的缺乏是目前中国双语教学普遍存在的一个最大的问题,要在这种语言环境缺乏的情况下学好生物双语,需要我们更好的去思索。双语教育在很多地方本科院校还是新生事物。为此,作者以国内外学习的背景,以及在双语教学实践中的体验和总结,对教师的双语教学的思想,学生语言水平,教材,学习习惯的引导等方面进行多角度分析,并提出了一系列对策,以期能在将来的双语教学中取得更好的效果,提升学生国际化就业能力。     

党组织作用的发挥与中国科学院的转型

建国初期的中国科学院是国家科技事业的“领导机构兼科研中心”。但是,由于院内党的力量薄弱,领导力不强,使得中科院在科技管理和科研中心两方面的工作,都存在很多问题。新一届党组加强党的组织建设,强化了党的领导作用。在大量调研的基础上,党组提出了改革措施,促使了中科院工作的转型。党组领导的“科研中心”建设,其中成立秘书处、设立学术委员会和筹备学部等举措,对中科院自身的建设和新中国科技事业的发展,都产生了重要的影响。