汉语外来词吸收的文化心态透视

一个民族的语言借用、吸收另一个民族的词语,是语言的普遍现象,然而各种语言对外来词吸收、消化的能力存在着很大差异。本文通过对汉语外来词吸收的历史考证、吸收过程中对语音、语法、词汇的加工改造和力主意译,力拒音译,音译汉化特征的分析,旨在揭示民族文化心理积淀对语言吸收同化功能的影响。     

新疆维汉民族关系的社会学研究

维吾尔族、汉族两个民族的关系是新疆各民族的相互关系中最有影响力的一对。近年此领域的社会学研究表明,两个民族在漫长的相互交往中,在语言上较为集中和明显地表现出文化的涵化和融合。作者认为,经济发展是促进民族文化融合的理想方式,西部大开发、新疆经济的发展将有助于民族关系的良性发展,文化上的整合将会促使各民族人民自觉地向中华民族认同。     

Can you become one of us? A historical comparison of legal selection of ‘assimilable’ immigrants in Europe and the Americas

Pre-arrival integration tests used by European countries suggest discriminatory measures subtly persist in immigration laws. This paper draws on a comparison across the Americas and Europe to identify and explain historical continuities and discontinuities in ‘assimilability’ admissions requirements. We attribute legal shifts at the turn of the twenty-first century to the institutionalised delegitimisation of biological racism and the rise of permanent settlement immigration to Europe. Efforts to reduce Muslim immigration largely motivate contemporary European policies, but these policies test putative individual capacity to integrate rather than inferring it from a racial group categorisation, as did historical precedents in the Americas.     

Tensions that Make a Difference: Institutions,Interests, and the Immigrant Drive1

This article examines the dynamics underlying contemporary South‐North population displacements and the common gaps between public perceptions of the phenomenon and actual realities. I analyze these dynamics and gaps by focusing on the clash between opposing forces at various stages of the migration process. These tensions occur between actors endowed with unequal power, leading to inefficient Nash‐like equilibria where the interests of less powerful participants and those of society‐at‐large in the successful integration of its newest members are not maximized. Matrices of hypothetical payoffs for relevant actors are presented for illustration. Systemic changes that would alter the present situation in the direction of more efficient and stable outcomes are discussed.     

Contact and conflict between adult children and their parents in immigrant families: is integration problematic for family relationships?

Previous studies have shown that family ties are relatively strong in most non-western immigrant groups in Europe. This paper focuses on differences within the immigrant population and examines how cultural and social aspects of integration affect the relationships that adult children have with their parents. The study is based on survey data with a systematic oversample of persons aged 15–45 with Moroccan and Turkish origins in the Netherlands. The focus is on the amount of contact and conflict that children have with their parents. Findings show that persons of Moroccan and Turkish origins have more frequent contact, but also somewhat more conflict with their parents compared to people without any migration background. Ordinal logit models show that ties to parents are weaker when immigrant children are more liberal in their values and behaviours and when they have more frequent contact with natives. Educational attainment tends to increase conflict between parents and adult children. It is concluded that cultural and social integration may hurt family relationships, pointing to another but less often recognised obstacle for immigrant integration in the west.     

Nevertheless,They Persist: American and European Muslim Immigrants in the Era of Trump

This paper reviews the consequences of Donald J. Trump’s anti-Muslim rhetoric and policies vis-à-vis his travel ban on Muslim immigration experiences. The paper looks at the impact of Trump’s and like-minded European leaders’ Islamophobic rhetoric and policies on dominant cultures, public policies, and assimilation of Muslims in the U.S. and in Europe. The review correlates said rhetoric and policies with public attitudes about Muslims, the rise of hate crimes and violence against Muslims, public policy changes, and assimilation (including civic engagement) of Muslims. The paper contrasts the differences in attitudes and responses of Muslim and non-Muslim communities in the U.S. and Europe. It concludes that U.S. and European Muslims retain overall positive attitudes about their new home countries and institutions and are politically engaged against the rise of anti-Muslim xenophobia, which varies between America and Europe, based on their respective histories, cultures and economies.     

中国传统政治文化评议

中国传统政治文化的基础是小农经济,王权至上,以血缘关系为中心。其基本特征是,专制下的民本主义,重视政治的实践操作和治国之道,家族伦理的价值趋向,礼法统一的人治模式。对传统政治文化要批判地继承,不断创新,大胆交流,实现政治文化向现代化转变。     

语言濒危原因探析--兼论语言转用的多种因素

本文以大量语言濒危现象为例证 ,对引起语言濒危的原因进行分析 ,认为产生语言濒危乃至消失的原因有两类 ,其中由于主动的语言转用造成的本族语消失是产生当代语言濒危现象的主要原因。在此基础上 ,本文进一步对影响语言转用的人口比例、文化基础、经济优势等多种基本社会因素进行分析 ,提出这些社会因素互相交织在一起 ,对语言的使用发生综合的影响 ,最终由取得优势的因素决定语言的发展趋势。     

Racial entanglements and sociological confusions: repudiating the rehabilitation of integration

In line with the broader nationalist advances currently remaking the Western political landscape, the concept of integration has witnessed a marked rehabilitation. Whilst many influential critiques of the sociology of integration are already available, this article contests the concept's renewed purchase through addressing its own internal incoherence. Based on research in Stockholm, this critique concerns the relationship between ethnic identity and cultural integration. It will be argued that integration and the production of difference are intertwined, entangled dualities, and far from being a benign entanglement, this duality is premised on the force and reach of everyday civic racisms. Of pivotal and unique analytical significance here is the observation that racism should not only be considered an exogenous process that impedes integration, but as a multifaceted phenomenon folded into integration.     

Setting aside mood-biased thoughts and judgements: theory-based bias correction / Apartar las opiniones y los pensamientos sesgados por el estado de ánimo: la corrección del sesgo basada en teoría

Abstract

When people perceive their thoughts and judgements as unduly affected by some biasing factor (in themselves or in the judgement setting), they often attempt to avoid or remove those biases. Theories describe different psychological mechanisms guiding these efforts. We review the primary theories of bias correction and focus on the use of naive theories of bias in attempts to form accurate assessments of judgement targets. One distinguishing feature of the theory-based correction approach is its ability to deal with corrections for contrastive biases (i.e., biases that lead judgements in a direction opposite to the meaning of the biasing factor). Another is that any perceived biasing factor can result in corrections, even when those factors are not easily mapped into the kinds of mental representation mechanisms that form the heart of alternative approaches. We use corrections for mood-based biases to illustrate the utility of the theory-based correction approach, even though many mood-based biases can be conceptualized in ways that fit alternative approaches to bias correction. Implications for correction of many potential types of biases are discussed.